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Fig. 28 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 28. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-4. Dermocoma numbergerorum sp. nov. from the middle Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Foug, France. 1. GZG.INV.78695 (holotype), proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78696 (paratype), proximal LAP. 3. GZG.INV.78697 (paratype), median LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78698 (paratype), distal LAP. 5-8. Dermocoma simonschneideri sp. nov. from the early Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of the Pointe du Chay, France (5) and the late Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Trancoso, Portugal (6-8). 5. GZG.INV.78700 (holotype), proximal LAP. 6. GZG.INV.78701 (paratype), proximal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78702 (paratype), median LAP. 8. GZG. INV.78703 (paratype), distal LAP. 9. Dermocoma sp. nov. innom. 2 from the early Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Geisingen, Germany; GZG.INV.78705, median to distal LAP. 10-11. Dermocoma sp. nov. innom. 3 from the late Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) of the Ternberg Nappe, Austria. 10. NHMW 2012/0138/0009, proximal LAP. 11. NHMW 2012/0138/0010, distal LAP. One common scale bar per species.

Fig. 2 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 2. Phylogeny of the Ophiacanthidae. A. Majority rule consensus of 2572 most parsimonious trees (182 steps length) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the full data set. B. Strict consensus of nine most parsimonious trees (47.91375 steps length) resulting from the analysis of the reweighed dataset (characters reweighed by their maximum rescaled consistency index). Numbers above branches represent bootstrap support for the respective nodes (10 000 replicates); numbers below branches are node frequencies of the majority rule consensus tree.

Fig. 27 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 27. Fossil lateral arm plates in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragment of ophiacanthid brittle stars. 1-2. Dermocoma wrighti Hess, 1964 from the early Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Liesberg, Switzerland. 1. NHMB M11218, proximal LAP. 2. NHMB M11219, distal LAP. 3-4. Dermocoma sp. 1 from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Jumara, India. 3. GZG.INV.78687, proximal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78688, distal LAP. 5-8. Dermocoma biformis (Hess, 1975) comb. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Guldental, Switzerland (5-6) and Savigna, France (7-8). 5. NHMB M11220, proximal LAP. 6. NHMB M11221, distal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78690, proximal LAP. 8. GZG. INV.78692, proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views. One common scale bar for 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7 and 8 respectively.

Fig. 1 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 1. Ophiacanthid brittle star lineages and their fossil record in shallow (<200 m palaeodepth, thick grey lines) and deep (> 200 m palaeodepth, thick black lines) environments through time. Extant lineages are indicated by the thin median line extending to the Holocene.

Fig. 6 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 6. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1. Eolaxoporus sp. from the latest Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Oberscheffach, Germany, MHI 2083/1, median LAP. 2-4. Eolaxoporus hagdorni gen. et sp. nov. from the late Carnian (Late Triassic) of Jushui, China. 2. MHI 2084/1 (holotype), proximal LAP. 3. MHI 2085/1 (paratype), median LAP. 4. MHI 2086/1 (paratype), distal LAP. 5. Eolaxoporus sp. nov. innom. from the early Carnian (Late Triassic) of Milieres, Italy; GZG.INV.78500, proximal to median LAP. 6-8. Eolaxoporus imminens gen. et sp. nov. from the late Sinemurian to early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. 6. NHMW 2012/0137/0001 (holotype), proximal LAP. 7. NHMW 2012/0137/0002 (paratype), median LAP. 8. NHMW 2012/0137/0003 (paratype), distal LAP. One common scale bar per species is given.

Fig. 23 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 23. Fossil lateral arm plates in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragments of Alternacantha schwermannorum sp. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 1. GZG.INV.78654 (holotype), proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78655 (paratype), median LAP. 3. GZG. INV.78656 (paratype), distal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78657 (paratype), proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views and with detail in dorso-lateral (c) view. 5. GZG.INV.78658 (paratype), distal arm fragment in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) view. One common scale bar for 1-3.

Appendix 1 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Appendix 1. Faunal list for the assemblages studied with corresponding counts of lateral arm plates or articulated individual (art.). Note that previously published assemblages which lack ophiacanthids or for which no significant taxonomic changes or new counts are proposed have been omitted. Records marked with an asterisk (*) are not described in the present study.

Fig. 35 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 35. Skeletal plates and arm fragments of fossil and Recent ophiacanthid brittle stars; lateral arm plates (LAPs) in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-3. Ophiocamax vitrea Lyman, 1878, Recent. 1. Proximal LAP. 2. Median LAP. 3. Dorsal arm plate. 4-5. Ophiocamax hystrix Lyman, 1878, Recent. 4. Proximal LAP. 5. Median LAP. 6. Ophiocamax austera Verrill, 1899, Recent; proximal LAP. 7-11. Ophiocamax dorotheae sp. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 7. GZG.INV.78763 (holotype), proximal LAP. 8. GZG.INV.78764 (paratype), median LAP. 9. GZG.INV.78765 (paratype), distal LAP. 10. GZG.INV.78766 (paratype), proximal arm fragment in ventral view. 11. GZG.INV.78767 (paratype), median arm fragment in dorsal view. One common scale bar per species except for 10 and 11.

Fig. 17 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 17. Fossil skeletal plates of ophiacanthid brittle stars; lateral arm plates (LAPs) in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-2. Ophiotreta striata (Kutscher & Jagt, 2000) comb. nov. from the early Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. 1. GZG.INV.78588, proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78589, distal LAP. 3-11. Ophiotreta dendrophyllicola sp. nov. from the middle Danian (Paleocene) of Fakse, Denmark. 3. MGUH 30236 (holotype), proximal LAP. 4. NHMM 2012 050 (paratype), median LAP. 5. NHMM 2012 051 (paratype), distal LAP. 6. NHMM 2012 052 (paratype), vertebra in distal view. 7. NHMM 2012 053 (paratype), vertebra in proximal view. 8. NHMM 2012 054 (paratype), vertebra in dorsal view. 9. NHMM 2012 055 (paratype), oral plate in adradial (a) and abradial (b) view. 10. NHMM 2012 056 (paratype), arm spine fragment. 11. NHMM 2012 057 (paratype), arm spine fragment. 12-15. Ophiotreta hedone sp. nov. from the middle Lutetian (Eocene) of Grignon, France. 12. GZG.INV.78590 (holotype), proximal LAP. 13. GZG.INV.78591 (paratype), median LAP. 14. GZG.INV.78592 (paratype), distal LAP. 15. GZG.INV.78593 (paratype), median LAP. One common scale bar per species.

Fig. 4 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 4. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Middle Triassic [after Smith et al. (1994)] with positions of currently known Triassic ophiuroid occurrences (grey areas indicate emerged land). Round dots indicate assemblages quantitatively assessed in this study (see Table 1 for details). 1. Fischerwiese, Oberscheffach, Schillingstadt. 2. Górazdze, Strzelce Opolski, Felsöörs, Sóly. 3. Alpe di Specie, Romerlo, Milieres, Recoaro. 4. Kitakami Mountains. 5. Jushui. Squares indicate previously published Triassic records. At the same positions as round dots 1-3: Bachmayer & Kollmann (1968), Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi (1972), Hess (1970a), Kutscher (1987b, 2000), Radwański (2002), Salamon (2004) and ophiuroid records revised by Hess (1965b). Squares: 6. Calzada & Gutiérrez (1988). 7. Hess (1972b), Kristan-Tollmann et al. (1979). 8. Twitchett et al. (2005). 9. Zonneveld (2001). 10. Kummel & Teichert (1970). 11. Runnegar (1969). 12. Kristan-Tollmann & Gramann (1992). At the same position as round dot 5: Yang (1960), Feng (1985), Chen et al. (2004). Square 13. Ishida et al. (2011).

Fig. 20 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 20. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragment. 1-2. Ophiogaleus dorecki (Hess, 1962) comb. nov. from the late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Seewen, Switzerland. 1. NHMB M11214, proximal LAP. 2. NHMB M11215, distal LAP. 3-5. Ophiogaleus stans sp. nov. from the early Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of La Pouza, France. 3. GZG.INV.78615 (holotype), proximal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78616 (paratype), median LAP. 5. GZG.INV.78617 (paratype), distal LAP. 6-7. Ophiogaleus sp. nov. innom 2 from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Jumara, India. 6. GZG.INV.78619, proximal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78620, distal LAP. 8-10. Ophiogaleus constrictus (Hess, 1966) comb. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 8. GZG.INV.78624, proximal LAP. 9. GZG.INV.78625, distal LAP. 10. GZG.INV.78626, proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views. One common scale bar per species except for 10.

Fig. 16 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 16. Geographic distribution of the species of Atlantisina gen. nov., Bathycyclopora gen. nov. and Calvetopora gen. nov.; names in white represent sites on or close to the continental shelf, whereas names in black indicate offshore seamount and island sites. Abbreviations: A.ac = Atlantisina acantha gen. et sp. nov.; A.at = Atlantisina atlantis gen. et sp. nov.; A.go = Atlantisina gorringensis gen. et sp. nov.; A.in = Atlantisina inarmata gen. et sp. nov.; A.li = Atlantisina lionensis gen. et sp. nov.; A.me = Atlantisina meteor gen. et sp. nov.; A.se = Atlantisina seinensis gen. et sp. nov.; A.tr = Atlantisina tricornis gen. et sp. nov.; B.su = Bathycyclopora suroiti gen. et sp. nov.; B.vi = Bathycyclopora vibraculata gen. et comb. nov.; C.in = Calvetopora inflata gen. et comb. nov.; C.ot = Calvetopora otapostasis gen. et sp. nov.; C.sp. = Calvetopora sp.

Fig. 13 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 13. Calvetopora inflata (Calvet, 1906) gen. et comb. nov., Gulf of Cádiz, holotype (MNHN- IB-2008-2470). A. Overview of the periancestrular part of the colony. B. Close-up of the ancestrula and the first two autozooids. C. Maternal autozooids at the colony growth margin. D. Lateral view of an ovicellate zooid. E. Distal view of the colony growth margin showing the kenozooidal origin of the ooecia. F. Close-up of an avicularium. Scale bars: A, C = 500 µm; B, D = 200 µm; E = 300 µm; F = 50 µm.

Fig. 7 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 7. Atlantisina lionensis gen. et sp. nov., Lion Smt, paratype (MNHN-IB-2014-67). A. Colony overview. B. Orifice and slightly damaged ooecium. C. Ovicellate zooids at the colony growth margin. D. Close-up of the suboral crest. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, D = 50 µm; C = 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 6. Atlantisina tricornis gen. et sp. nov. A. Early colony development; note the presence of the maternal 5th-generation autozooid at centre right (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-64, N Iberian slope). B. Ovicellate zooids (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-65, N Iberian slope). C. Close-up of orifice (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-65, N Iberian slope). D. Lateral view of suboral crests (holotype MNHN-IB-2014-60, N Iberian slope). E. Colony from Galicia Bank forming biserial ribbons; note the relatively broad ooecia (MNHN-IB-2014-279). F. Colony from the W Iberian slope (photo taken by J. Souto); note the bifid tips in some of the mucrones (zooid at lower left) while other suboral crests (zooid at top right) have a simple trident (MNHN-IB-2008-7194). Scale bars: A, E–F = 300 µm; B, D = 200 µm; C = 50 µm.

Fig. 5 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 5. Atlantisina seinensis gen. et sp. nov., Seine Smt, holotype (MNHN-IB-2014-57). A. Autozooids and ovicellate zooids. B. Lateral view showing the vertical dimensions of the suboral umbones. C. Orifice. D. Ooecium. E. Early ontogenetic zooid with a fully formed ooecium. Scale bars: A–B = 200 µm; C–D = 50 µm; E = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 4. Atlantisina inarmata gen. et sp. nov. Canary Islands. A. Overview of holotype, optical image (MNHN-IB-2014-53). B. Several autozooids and ovicellate zooids (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-55). C. Close-up of the orifice and the deeply pitted ooecium (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-55). D. Periancestrular region (paratype OLL 2016/140). E. An autozooid at the colony growth margin (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-54). F. An autozooid with a borehole in the frontal shield (centre), and one with an intramural bud (at right), indicated by the presence of a secondary orifice rim (paratype MNHN- IB-2014-54). Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 300 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 200 µm; E, F = 100 µm.

Fig. 12 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 12. Baythycyclopora suroiti gen. et sp. nov., Atlantis Smt. A. Overview of a partly damaged colony (paratype, OLL 2016/149). B. Ovicellate zooids (paratype, MNHN-IB-2014-77). C. Close-up of an orifice (paratype, MNHN-IB-2014-77). D. Ancestrula and the first two autozooids (paratype, OLL 2016/126). E. Interzooidal avicularium; note the single communication pore per neighbouring zooid as well as the extensive cryptocystal calcification surrounding it and the thin peripheral band of gymnocyst (paratype, MNHN-IB-2014-77). F. Close-up of adventitious avicularium (paratype, MNHN- IB-2014-77). G. Lateral view of oral spines (holotype, MNHN-IB-2014-73). Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B, D–E, G = 200 µm; C, F = 50 µm.

Fig. 3 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 3. Atlantisina meteor gen. et sp. nov., Great Meteor Bank A. Overview of holotype (OLL 2016/130a). B. Several autozooids and ovicellate zooids (holotype OLL 2016/130a). C. Orifice (paratype MNHN- IB-2014-50). D. Ooecium (holotype OLL 2016/130a). E. Periancestrular region (SMF 40.040). F. Unbleached autozooids with typical whip-like spines (paratype OLL 2016/133a). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 300 µm; C = 50 µm; D = 100 µm; E–F = 200 µm.

Fig. 1 in New Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from NE Atlantic seamounts, islands, and the continental slope: evidence for deep-sea endemism

Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics of Atlantisina gen. nov. A. The kenozooidal ooecium of Atlantisina lionensis gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-67), showing the broad band of ectooecium and the centrally exposed endooecium; note that the suboral crest is formed by smooth gymnocyst whereas the remaining frontal shield is cryptocystidean. B. Distal view of an autozooid of Atlantisina meteor gen. et sp. nov. showing two distolateral communication pores and the slightly raised central pore from which the ooecium is budded (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-50); note the broad band of cryptocyst bounding the septular pores, and that the remaining parts of the distolateral vertical walls and orifice are entirely gymnocystal. C. Oral region of an ovicellate zooid of Atlantisina atlantis gen. et sp. nov. (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-49), showing the contact between the cryptocystidean frontal shield and the gymnocystal distal part of the zooecium; note that the frontal shield is superpositioned on the condyles (white arrow) and meets the distolateral vertical walls in a sinusoidal suture (black arrow). D. Initial stages of zooid formation with the lateral walls being partly broken, showing the large basal pore chambers in Atlantisina atlantis gen. et sp. nov. (paratype OLL 2016/123). E. Slightly oblique view of the ancestrula of Atlantisina tricornis gen. et sp. nov. (paratype MNHN-IB-2014-64); note the simple tatiform morphology, the absence of a cryptocyst, and the slightly restricted oral region (top). Scale bars: A–B, D = 100 µm; C, E = 50 µm.