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Fig. 43 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 43. Distribution of relative penis length in 11 species of Natalidae. Black dots are means and vertical gray bars are two standard deviations around the mean. Most natalids have an intermediate-length penis but the genus Chilonatalus includes species with short or long penises.

Fig. 29 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 29 (continued). B, Plot of canonical scores for seven cranial measurements of N. mexicanus from nine geographic areas (same as above, San Andrés and Providencia not included). Variable loadings are listed in table 17. Three most divergent groups are distinguished: (1) individuals from the Yucatan characterized by overall small skulls; (2) individuals from Isthmic Mexico, characterized by large skulls and long rostra; and (3) individuals from Panama, characterized by large skulls and short rostra.

Fig. 4 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 4. Schematic lateral view of the heads of two natalids: A, Chilonatalus micropus, showing dermal outgrowths on the muzzle; and B, Natalus tumidirostris, showing lack of dermal outgrowths on the muzzle.

Fig. 42 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 42 (continued). B, Canonical analysis axis scores for seven skull measurements of 12 species of Natalidae. Loading contributions of variables to each axis is shown in table 2. C I is an axis of body size and C II is an axis of rostrum shape, with bats on the negative side of the axis having longer, narrower rostra. Natalus primus, which shares many ecomorphological traits with Chilonatalus, is widely separated from them in ecomorphological space when body size is taken into account. Scores of canonical analyses are shown in table 26.

Fig. 29. A in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 29. A, Plot of means (black dots), two standard deviations around the mean (gray bars), and two standard errors of the mean (vertical black lines) of forearm length of Natalus mexicanus from 10 geographic areas: A 5 N Peninsular Mexico (Baja California Sur; 16 males, 18 females; B 5 NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora; 11 males, 12 females); C 5 W Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa; 29 males, 32 females); D 5 South Central Mexico (Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla; 8 males, 7 females); E 5 NE Mexico (Tamaulipas; 6 males, 11 females); F 5 Isthmic Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca; 30 males, 22 females); G 5 N Central America (Chiapas, Guatemala; 12 males, 6 females); H 5 Yucatan (Belize, Campeche, Guatemala [Petén], Quintana Roo, Yucatán; 30 males, 18 females); I 5 San Andrés and Providencia Isl., Colombia (3 males, 4 females); J 5 Southern Central America (Panama; 16 males, 9 females). Individuals from Isthmic Mexico, San Andrés and Providencia, and S Central America are significantly larger than those from the Yucatan, and W and NW Mexico (one-way ANOVA, P, 0.01).

Fig. 41 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 41. Variation of forearm length in Natalidae in relation to geographic distribution. Vertical gray bars represent the observed range of variation per species per region and the horizontal black line represents the median. Large gray rectangles frame populations that occur in sympatry. Sample sizes: Bahamas (Ctu, 53; Nyl, 45); Cuba (Npr, 51; Cma, 20; Nyl 24); Hispaniola (Nma, 34; Cmi, 6); Jamaica (Nja, 21; Cmi, 48); SAP 5 San Andrés and Providencia islands, Colombia (Nme, 7; Cmi, 36); M-CA 5 Mexico–Central America (Nme, 298; Nla, 33); SAN 5 South America N of the Amazon (230); SAS 5 South America S of the Amazon (37); LA 5 lesser Antilles (65). There is no overlap in forearm length neither among genera nor among insular populations that occur in sympatry. Representatives of the composite fauna of San Andrés and Providencia islands (i.e., the West Indian derived C. micropus, and the continental derived N. mexicanus) show the least amount of difference in forearm length among sympatric members of these two genera.

Fig. 40 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 40. Plot of scores of the second canonical root obtained by canonical variates analysis of seven cranial dimensions from 12 species of Natalidae. CII is an axis of rostrum shape, being most influenced by maxillary tooth row (table 2). Black dots are score means and gray bars represent two standard deviations around the mean. Species toward the positive side of the axis have long, narrow rostra, whereas species toward the negative side have relatively short, broad rostra. Long and broadly curved mesostylar crests occur only in species with long, narrow rostra.

Fig. 25 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 25. Geographic distribution of Natalus lanatus (open triangles) and N. mexicanus (solid circles). Names of localities are listed in appendix 1. Some localities of N. mexicanus obtained from museum catalogues or the literature, especially those of the Mexico Basin and Veracruz highlands, may actually represent Natalus lanatus (see text). Gray shading on land indicates relief, with darknes increasing with altitude.

Fig. 1 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 1. Cranial dimensions measured in this study: A, postorbital breadth; B, zygomatic breadth; C, braincase breadth; D, breadth across canines; E, breadth across molars; F, maxillary toothrow length; G, greatest skull length; H, depth of skull; I, mandibular toothrow length.

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Figure 5 in The ossified Meckel's cartilage and internal groove in Mesozoic mammaliaforms: implications to origin of the definitive mammalian middle ear

Figure 5. (A) The skull of Zhangheotherium (IVPP V7466). 1, Meckelian groove; 2, ossified Meckel's cartilage; 3, a hyoid element. (B) Medial view of the left mandible with partial ossified Meckel's cartilage of Gobiconodon (IVPP V12585).

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Figure 1 in The ossified Meckel's cartilage and internal groove in Mesozoic mammaliaforms: implications to origin of the definitive mammalian middle ear

Figure 1. The right mandible and ossified Meckel's cartilage (OMC) of Repenomamus (holotype, IVPP V12549). (A & B) Medial views of the mandible with the OMC being removed in (A); (C) dorsomedial view; (D) ventral view; (E) radiographic image of the mandible; (F) a hyoid element from IVPP V12728. Modified from Wang et al. (2001).

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Figure 4 in The ossified Meckel's cartilage and internal groove in Mesozoic mammaliaforms: implications to origin of the definitive mammalian middle ear

Figure 4. Ossified Meckel's cartilages (OMC) of Repenomamus. (A–D) Ventral, lateral, dorsal, and medial views of the OMC in IVPP V12549; (E–H) the same views of the OMC in IVPP V12728.

Figure 13 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 13. Final reconstruction placed in approximate position of a full cranial representation of Dendrerpeton (after Carroll, 1967) for orientation. A, dorsal view: B, ventral view.

Figure 11 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 11. Stereo pairs of basioccipital-exoccipital complex and airfill. A, anterior view. B, posterior view. Basioccipitalexoccipital complex in darker shading, airfill in lighter shading. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 10 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 10. Stereo pairs of internal mould of right otic capsule (showing inner ear structures). A, anterolateral view. B, posterolateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 7 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 7. Stereo pairs of left epipterygoid-pterygoid complex. A, posteromedial view. B, anterolateral view. Epipterygoid in darker shading, pterygoid in lighter shading. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 6. Basisphenoid-parasphenoid complex. A, stereo pair with left anterolateral view. B, stereo pair with dorsoposterior view. C in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 6. Basisphenoid-parasphenoid complex. A, stereo pair with left anterolateral view. B, stereo pair with dorsoposterior view. C, ventral view. Basisphenoid in darker shading, parasphenoid in lighter shading. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 4 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 4. Stereo pairs of BMNH R.436 model without correction for translocations or damage. A, left anterolateral view of all elements. B, left anterolateral view with skull roof and left epipterygoid-pterygoid complex removed. C, right posterolateral view with skull roof and left epipterygoid-pterygoid complex removed. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 9 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 9. Stereo pairs of internal surface of right otic capsule. A, anteromedial view. B, posteromedial view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 5 in The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli)

Figure 5. Transverse CT sections. A, dashed line showing boundary between basisphenoid and parasphenoid. B, dashed line showing boundary between epipterygoid and pterygoid. Scale bars = 2 mm.