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FIGURE 6 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 6. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 13 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 13. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual range in temperature (TEMPr). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMPr as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 12 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 12. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 10 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 10. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and mean annual temperature (TEMP). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMP as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 2 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 2. Spatial patterns of variation in the phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) of different mammal groups over the Americas. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 3 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 3. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and phylogenetic diversity (AvPD). The maps show the local beta coefficients (b) for AvPD as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Following (Matthews & Yang 2012) non-significant values (p> 0.05) are excluded from the maps to optimize the visualization of patterns. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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Constructing a social-behavioral association network to study management impact on waterbird community ecology using digital video recording cameras

Studying social behavior and species associations in ecological communities is challenging because it is difficult to observe the interactions in the field. Animal behavior is especially difficult to observe when selection of habitat and activities are linked to energy costs of long-distance movement. Migrating communities tend to be resource specific and prefer environments that offer more suitability for coexisting in a shared space and time. Given the recent advances in digital technologies, digital video recording systems are gaining popularity in wildlife research and management. We used digital video recording cameras to study social interactions and species-habitat linkages for wintering waterbird communities in shared habitats. Examining over 8,640 hours of video footages, we built tetrapartite social behavioral association network of wintering waterbirds over habitat (n=5) selection events in sites with distinct management regimes. We analyzed these networks to identify hub species and species role in activity persistence, and to explore the effects of hydrological regime on these network characteristics. Although the differences in network attributes were not significant at treatment level (p = 0.297) in terms of network composition and keystone species composition, our results indicated that network attributes were significantly different (p = 0.000, r2 = 0.278) at habitat level. There were evidences suggesting that the habitat quality was better at the managed sites, where the formed networks had more species, more network nodes and edges, higher edge density, and stronger intra- and inter-species interactions. In addition, we also calculated the species interaction preference scores (SIPS) and behavioral interaction preference scores (BIPS) of each network. The results showed that species synchronize activities in shared space for temporal niche partitioning in order to avoid or minimize any potential competition for shared space. Our social network analysis (SNA) approach is likely to provide a practical use for ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.

Fig. 1 in Is Phylogeographic Congruence Predicted by Historical Habitat Stability, or Ecological Co-associations?

Fig. 1. Ecological niche models (ENMs) estimated for each of the five species from present-day to Last Glacial Maximum, and climatic stability based on the ENM time series. Color coding uses "warm" colors to indicate areas of highest probability of occurrence, or highest climatic stability. Species names are abbreviated as follows: C.p. (Cryptocercus punctulatus), R.f. (Reticulitermes flavipes), O.d. (Odontotaenius disjunctus), S.s. (Scolopocryptops sexspinosus), and N.a. (Narceus americanus).

Fig. 4 in Is Phylogeographic Congruence Predicted by Historical Habitat Stability, or Ecological Co-associations?

Fig. 4. Assessment of phylogeographic structure via comparison of FST (grey bars) versus Φ ST (black bars). All values represent mean differentiation across all pairs of BAPS clusters per species (i.e., "global" values). Species names are abbreviated as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 2 in Is Phylogeographic Congruence Predicted by Historical Habitat Stability, or Ecological Co-associations?

Fig. 2. Unrooted dendrograms representing two competing hypotheses about key drivers of phylogeographic congruence among five saproxylic invertebrates: abiotic factors related to historical climatic stability (left) versus biotic factors related to ecological co-associations (right). Scale bars represent either the inverse of a measure of habitat overlap (1 – Schoener's D; left), or the cumulative dissimilarity score for species interactions based on trophic guild, timing of colonization during succession, frequency of syntopy, and presumed interaction type (right). Numbers on nodes for the biotic drivers scenario indicate the number of jackknife replicates (out of 4) that supported a given predicted partition. Species names are abbreviated as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 in Is Phylogeographic Congruence Predicted by Historical Habitat Stability, or Ecological Co-associations?

Fig. 3. The number and distribution of spatial-genetic clusters, and phylogenetic relationships among mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes, for each of the five focal species. BAPS clusters were arbitrarily color-coded (alphabetic names are also shown), and spatial projections were based on membership of georeferenced individuals (Voronoї tessellations not shown). Grey shading identifies the "northern region" of the study area, referred to in the main text. Rooted phylogenetic trees (outgroup not shown) are simplified and color-coded corresponding to BAPS cluster membership of each mtDNA haplotype. Nodes with bootstrap support values>70% are marked by asterisks. Species names are abbreviated as in Fig. 1.

FIGURES 13–19. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5 in DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae), with notes on its ecology

FIGURES 13–19. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5th instar larva. 13, metathorax and abdominal segments I–III, right lateral (dotted oval = seta-less section between dorsal setae and lateral protuberance setae; arrows point to presegmental dorsal gills in close contact). 14, abdominal segments I and II, ventral (ce = chloride epithelium). 15, abdominal segment III, anterior section, right lateral (f = forked lamellae; l = lateral fringe). 16, posterior end of abdomen, right lateral. 17, posterior end of abdomen, dorsal (ds = dorsal setae on abdominal segment VIII; arrow points to long dorsal seta). 18, larval case, dorsal. 19, larval case, right lateral. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (except Fig. 15: 0.1 mm).

FIGURES 7–12. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5 in DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae), with notes on its ecology

FIGURES 7–12. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5th instar larva. 7, head and pro- and mesothoraces, lateral (arrow = prosternal horn). 8, thorax, dorsal (sa1–sa3 = setal areas 1–3). 9, left foreleg, posterior face. 10, left midleg, posterior face (arrow = claw seta originating from subapical socket). 11, left hind leg, posterior face (arrows = proximodorsal setae). 12, abdominal segment I, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae), with notes on its ecology

FIGURE 1. Bayesian/MCMC phylogeny of 18 Apatania species, including the herein associated life stages of A. theischingerorum. Dots on nodes indicate posterior probabilities ±0.95. Given are BOLD sequence and process IDs, including the new sequences for A. theischingerorum (SPAPA009-18–SPAPA016-18).

FIGURES 20–24. Apatania spp. 20–23, Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 in DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae), with notes on its ecology

FIGURES 20–24. Apatania spp. 20–23, Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981: 20, female genitalia, left lateral, specimen from Albacete; 21, female genitalia, left lateral, specimen from Teruel; 22, adult female at Guadalaviar River (Teruel); 23, pupal aggregation in Arroyofrío (Albacete). Scale bar: 0.5 mm (except Fig. 23: 1 mm). 24, Apatania fimbriata (Pictet 1834), 5th instar larva, abdominal segments I to III, right lateral (dotted oval = continuous setal band between dorsal setae and lateral protuberance setae). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 2–6. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5 in DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae), with notes on its ecology

FIGURES 2–6. Apatania theischingerorum Malicky 1981, 5th instar larva. 2, head, frontal (arrow = antenna; small white numbers = setal positions #9, 14, 15). 3, head, right posterolateral. 4, detail of frontoclypeus (arrows = alveolae of frontoclypeal setae #5; a = median separation of alveolae; b = distance of alveola to nearest frontoclypeal margin). 5, head, ventral. 6, left anterolateral edge of pronotum, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 7 Climatic niche comparisons along the environmental space using hypervolumes for delimited lineages of South American Physamia. (a–c) Hypervolumes (point density and alpha-hull contour boundary) for delimited lineages of South American Physamia representing their climatic niches, and estimated using the values extracted from the components of the PCA-env (first three components). (a) PCenv1 vs PCenv2. (b) PCenv1 vs PCenv3. (c) PCenv2 vs PCenv3. (d) Phylomorphospace plot showing niche position between delimited lineages obtained using centroid distances between each pair of hypervolumes and multidimensional scaling

Fig. 4 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic placement of sampled specimens of South American Physamia. (a–c) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree generated by Bayesian inference with BEAST 1.8.4. (a) nrITS dataset. (b) cpDNA dataset (tmnL-F/tmnH-psbA/tmnG intron/tmnS-tmnG). (c) Concatenated ITS + cpDNA datasets. (d) MCC tree estimated from ITS and cpDNA datasets using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in *BEAST v.1.8.4. The small circles on nodes indicate posterior probability (pp): black circles pp≥0.9, gray circles 0.9>pp≥0.7, white circles

Fig. 1 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 1 Representatives of South American Physamia. a–c P. cmassistigma. a Plant with flowers. b Plant with fruits. c Detail of fruits. d–e P. latemalis. d Plant with flowers and fruits. e Detail of fruits. f–g P. mendocina. f Plant with flowers. g Plant with fruits. h–i P. pygmaea. h Plant with flowers and fruits. i Details of fruits. j–l P. umbaniana. j Plant with flowers. k Plant with fruits. l Detail of fruits. a–c from Salamiato et al.

Fig. 6 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species

Fig. 6 Geographic and climatic niche distribution for delimited lineages of South American Physamia. (a) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree estimated from ITS and cpDNA datasets using the multispecies coalescent method implemented in *BEAST 1.8.4 and the hypothesis of six independently evolving lineages. Numbers on branches correspond to posterior probability. (b) Geographic distribution of lineages: green,