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265 results for “elemental analysis”
IODP Expedition 396 Elemental analysis (CHNS)
<p>Fundamental elemental component (total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur) fluctuations help define the origin, depositional environment, and diagenetic alteration of source materials. To determine C, H, N, and S, solid samples are reacted with a catalyst, separated by chromatography, and detected by thermal conductivity on a FlashEA 1112 CHNS elemental analyzer. Organic carbon can be directly measured on the elemental analyzer by acidification of the sample to drive off carbonate as carbon dioxide before analyzing. Total organic carbon on this report is measured rather than calculated.</p>
IODP Expedition 354 Elemental analysis (CHNS)
<p>Fundamental elemental component (total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur) fluctuations help define the origin, depositional environment, and diagenetic alteration of source materials. To determine C, H, N, and S, solid samples are reacted with a catalyst, separated by chromatography, and detected by thermal conductivity on a FlashEA 1112 CHNS elemental analyzer. Organic carbon can be directly measured on the elemental analyzer by acidification of the sample to drive off carbonate as carbon dioxide before analyzing. Total organic carbon on this report is measured rather than calculated.</p>
IODP Expedition 354 ICP-AES elemental analysis (solids)
<p>Elemental contents in hard rock and sediment samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrocopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.</p>
IODP Expedition 369 Elemental analysis (CHNS)
<p>Fundamental elemental component (total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur) fluctuations help define the origin, depositional environment, and diagenetic alteration of source materials. To determine C, H, N, and S, solid samples are reacted with a catalyst, separated by chromatography, and detected by thermal conductivity on a FlashEA 1112 CHNS elemental analyzer. Organic carbon can be directly measured on the elemental analyzer by acidification of the sample to drive off carbonate as carbon dioxide before analyzing. Total organic carbon on this report is measured rather than calculated.</p>
IODP Expedition 369 ICP-AES elemental analysis (interstitial water)
<p>Elemental concentration in interstitial water samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.</p>
IODP Expedition 369 ICP-AES elemental analysis (solids)
<p>Elemental contents in hard rock and sediment samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrocopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.</p>
IODP Expedition 382 Elemental analysis (CHNS)
<p>Fundamental elemental component (total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur) fluctuations help define the origin, depositional environment, and diagenetic alteration of source materials. To determine C, H, N, and S, solid samples are reacted with a catalyst, separated by chromatography, and detected by thermal conductivity on a FlashEA 1112 CHNS elemental analyzer. Organic carbon can be directly measured on the elemental analyzer by acidification of the sample to drive off carbonate as carbon dioxide before analyzing. Total organic carbon on this report is measured rather than calculated.</p>
IODP Expedition 382 ICP-AES elemental analysis (solids)
Elemental contents in hard rock and sediment samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrocopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.
IODP Expedition 382 ICP-AES elemental analysis (interstitial water)
<p>Elemental concentration in interstitial water samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.</p>
IODP Expedition 392 ICP-AES elemental analysis (interstitial water)
<p>Elemental concentration in interstitial water samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.</p>
IODP Expedition 392 ICP-AES elemental analysis (solids)
Elemental contents in hard rock and sediment samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrocopy (ICP-AES). Data are presented by element-wavelength pair (e.g., more than one calcium line may be reported). Elemental lines for which data do not exist for a particular expedition will not appear.
IODP Expedition 392 Elemental analysis (CHNS)
<p>Fundamental elemental component (total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur) fluctuations help define the origin, depositional environment, and diagenetic alteration of source materials. To determine C, H, N, and S, solid samples are reacted with a catalyst, separated by chromatography, and detected by thermal conductivity on a FlashEA 1112 CHNS elemental analyzer. Organic carbon can be directly measured on the elemental analyzer by acidification of the sample to drive off carbonate as carbon dioxide before analyzing. Total organic carbon on this report is measured rather than calculated.</p>
Finite Element Analysis perturbation files for Rubin Observatory Simonyi Survey Telescope and LSST Camera
<p>## Notes on FEA files</p> <p><br> </p> <p># M1M3 Bending modes</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_1um_156_grid.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_1um_156_grid.txt</p> <p>- shape = (5256, 159)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 5256 FEA nodes.</p> <p>- 0th column is M1M3 disambiguator</p> <p>- 1st and 2nd columns are FEA node x and y in M1M3 CS</p> <p>- Last 156 columns are bending modes; the z-displacement of each node for each mode.</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_1um_156_force.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_1um_156_force.txt</p> <p>- shape = (156, 159)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 156 bending modes.</p> <p>- 0th column is actuator ID</p> <p>- 1st and 2nd columns are actuator x and y in M1M3 CS</p> <p>- Last 156 columns are forces in Newtons for each mode.</p> <p><br> </p> <p># M1M3 print through</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_dxdydz_zenith.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_dxdydz_zenith.npy</p> <p>- shape = (5256, 3)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 5256 FEA nodes.</p> <p>- Columns are dx, dy, dz in M1M3 CS.</p> <p>- This is the gravitational "print through" when mirror is zenith pointing</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_dxdydz_horizon.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_dxdydz_horizon.npy</p> <p>- shape = (5256, 3)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 5256 FEA nodes.</p> <p>- Columns are dx, dy, dz in M1M3 CS.</p> <p>- This is the gravitational "print through" when mirror is horizon pointing</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_force_zenith.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_force_zenith.npy</p> <p>- shape = (256,)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 256 actuators. (So we consider the x and y actuators here too.)</p> <p>- Columns are forces in Newtons.</p> <p>- These are the mirror support forces when the mirror is zenith pointing. (Is this after optimization? Include LUT or not?)</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_force_horizon.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_force_horizon.npy</p> <p>- shape = (256,)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 256 actuators. (So we consider the x and y actuators here too.)</p> <p>- Columns are forces in Newtons.</p> <p>- These are the mirror support forces when the mirror is horizon pointing. (Is this after optimization? Include LUT or not?)</p> <p><br> </p> <p># M1M3 Thermal</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_thermal_FEA.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_thermal_FEA.npy</p> <p>- shape = (5244, 7)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 5244 FEA nodes. (Why aren't these the same as above? I don't know.)</p> <p>- Columns are:</p> <p>- 0: Unit-Normalized FEA x</p> <p>- 1: Unit-Normalized FEA y</p> <p>- 2: Bulk temperature dz coefficient</p> <p>- 3: x temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p>- 3: y temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p>- 3: z temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p>- 3: r temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p><br> </p> <p># M1M3 Miscellany</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_influence_256.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_influence_256.npy</p> <p>- shape = (5256, 256)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 5256 FEA nodes.</p> <p>- Each column is one of 256 actuators.</p> <p>- Values are dz/dF for each actuator/node.</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_LUT.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_LUT.txt</p> <p>- shape = (257, 91)</p> <p>- First column is index in degrees (0-90 inclusive). Last 256 columns are forces in Newtons.</p> <p>- Each column is LUT for one value of the elevation index.</p> <p> </p> <p>M1M3_1000N_UL_shape_156.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M1M3/M1M3_1000N_UL_shape_156.npy</p> <p>- shape = (5256, 156)</p> <p>- Rows must be FEA nodes, columns must be bending modes.</p> <p>- Not sure what the purpose is of this one.</p> <p><br> </p> <p># M2 Bending modes</p> <p> </p> <p>M2_1um_grid.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M2/M2_1um_grid.DAT</p> <p>- shape = (15984, 75)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 15984 FEA nodes.</p> <p>- 0th column is node index ?</p> <p>- 1st and 2nd columns are FEA node x and y in M2 CS</p> <p>- Last 72 columns are bending modes; the z-displacement of each node for each mode.</p> <p> </p> <p>M2_1um_force.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M2/M2_1um_force.DAT</p> <p>- shape = (72, 75)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 72 bending modes.</p> <p>- 0th column is actuator ID</p> <p>- 1st and 2nd columns are actuator x and y in M2 CS</p> <p>- Last 72 columns are forces in Newtons for each mode.</p> <p> </p> <p># M2 print through / thermal</p> <p> </p> <p>M2_GT_FEA.fits.gz</p> <p>- source = IM/data/M2/M2_GT_FEA.txt</p> <p>- shape = (9084, 6)</p> <p>- Each row is one of 9084 FEA nodes. (Why aren't these the same as above? I don't know.)</p> <p>- Columns are:</p> <p>- 0: Unit-Normalized FEA x</p> <p>- 1: Unit-Normalized FEA y</p> <p>- 2: Zenith print through dz coefficient</p> <p>- 3: Horizon print through dz coefficient</p> <p>- 4: z temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p>- 5: r temperature gradient dz coefficient</p> <p><br> </p>
Combined analysis of transposable elements and structural variation in maize genomes reveals genome contraction outpaces expansion
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Elemental and biochemical nutrient limitation of zooplankton: A meta-analysis
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APPENDIX 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 3. — Mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PEofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under chimpanzee-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>SPECIE</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0122</td><td>7.6599</td><td>4.2909</td><td>7.8345</td><td>11.4830</td><td>14.6530</td><td>0.0387</td><td>2.2794</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>5.7312</td><td>5.4881</td><td>3.0880</td><td>5.6170</td><td>8.2101</td><td>10.4363</td><td>0.0341</td><td>2.3483</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0771</td><td>7.7090</td><td>4.3233</td><td>7.8865</td><td>11.5780</td><td>14.7960</td><td>0.0417</td><td>2.3024</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>5.8607</td><td>5.5899</td><td>3.1557</td><td>5.7215</td><td>8.3844</td><td>10.7170</td><td>0.0419</td><td>2.3534</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225743</td><td>7.5983</td><td>5.4469</td><td>3.0316</td><td>5.5620</td><td>11.3770</td><td>19.8150</td><td>0.7364</td><td>2.1135</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225743</td><td>5.3623</td><td>3.8494</td><td>2.1389</td><td>3.9323</td><td>8.0325</td><td>13.9420</td><td>0.7334</td><td>2.1536</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225720</td><td>7.6821</td><td>5.4907</td><td>3.0617</td><td>5.6072</td><td>11.4980</td><td>20.0690</td><td>0.7328</td><td>2.1222</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225689</td><td>5.5209</td><td>3.9340</td><td>2.1951</td><td>4.0167</td><td>8.2813</td><td>14.4290</td><td>0.7156</td><td>2.1020</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240469</td><td>7.5408</td><td>5.7398</td><td>3.1415</td><td>5.8463</td><td>10.7260</td><td>19.1300</td><td>1.6003</td><td>1.8559</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240461</td><td>5.3229</td><td>4.0535</td><td>2.2448</td><td>4.1316</td><td>7.5691</td><td>13.4480</td><td>1.5817</td><td>1.9264</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>7.6103</td><td>5.7887</td><td>3.1663</td><td>5.8917</td><td>10.8170</td><td>19.3540</td><td>1.6076</td><td>1.7799</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240460</td><td>5.4615</td><td>4.1433</td><td>2.2936</td><td>4.2210</td><td>7.7516</td><td>13.9010</td><td>1.6017</td><td>1.8739</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>327267</td><td>7.5848</td><td>6.5180</td><td>4.1315</td><td>6.6614</td><td>10.0078</td><td>15.9652</td><td>0.1499</td><td>2.2001</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>5.3112</td><td>4.5847</td><td>2.9071</td><td>4.6850</td><td>6.9811</td><td>11.1340</td><td>0.1473</td><td>2.1877</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>7.7032</td><td>6.5956</td><td>4.1665</td><td>6.7425</td><td>10.1980</td><td>16.2770</td><td>0.1521</td><td>2.2272</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>5.5459</td><td>4.7386</td><td>2.9746</td><td>4.8493</td><td>7.3571</td><td>11.7390</td><td>0.1536</td><td>2.3361</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>7.9291</td><td>6.5783</td><td>4.2297</td><td>6.7471</td><td>10.3643</td><td>18.0617</td><td>0.6350</td><td>2.5660</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>5.6296</td><td>4.6925</td><td>3.0326</td><td>4.8168</td><td>7.3231</td><td>12.7377</td><td>0.6308</td><td>2.6495</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199782</td><td>8.0098</td><td>6.6472</td><td>4.2716</td><td>6.8239</td><td>10.4630</td><td>18.2554</td><td>0.6575</td><td>2.6582</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199782</td><td>5.7884</td><td>4.8286</td><td>3.1119</td><td>4.9592</td><td>7.5206</td><td>13.1060</td><td>0.6481</td><td>2.7040</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1044</td><td>10.4260</td><td>6.1984</td><td>10.5940</td><td>16.2630</td><td>26.8950</td><td>0.1734</td><td>1.6114</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311431</td><td>8.6667</td><td>7.4740</td><td>4.4483</td><td>7.5885</td><td>11.6390</td><td>19.2340</td><td>0.1762</td><td>1.5325</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1825</td><td>10.4940</td><td>6.2322</td><td>10.6650</td><td>16.3650</td><td>27.0820</td><td>0.1744</td><td>1.6295</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>8.8241</td><td>7.6109</td><td>4.5179</td><td>7.7380</td><td>11.8330</td><td>19.6238</td><td>0.1753</td><td>1.6704</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 2. — Number of elements (N elements), mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PeofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under human-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>INDIVIDUAL</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225689</td><td>3.7540</td><td>2.6128</td><td>1.3997</td><td>2.6690</td><td>5.6844</td><td>10.0261</td><td>0.7130</td><td>2.1509</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225729</td><td>2.5238</td><td>1.7800</td><td>0.9680</td><td>1.8227</td><td>3.8100</td><td>6.6442</td><td>0.7309</td><td>2.3997</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225689</td><td>3.8349</td><td>2.6530</td><td>1.4269</td><td>2.7080</td><td>5.8135</td><td>10.2790</td><td>0.7100</td><td>2.0714</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240478</td><td>3.7401</td><td>2.7851</td><td>1.5604</td><td>2.8336</td><td>5.3814</td><td>9.6489</td><td>1.6161</td><td>1.7432</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240469</td><td>2.5277</td><td>1.8985</td><td>1.0995</td><td>1.9326</td><td>3.6118</td><td>6.4210</td><td>1.5858</td><td>1.7975</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>3.8275</td><td>2.8449</td><td>1.6271</td><td>2.8931</td><td>5.4883</td><td>9.8692</td><td>1.6163</td><td>1.6943</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240471</td><td>2.6708</td><td>1.9879</td><td>1.1443</td><td>2.0203</td><td>3.8108</td><td>6.8892</td><td>1.6184</td><td>1.6299</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160103</td><td>4.1812</td><td>3.9750</td><td>2.2535</td><td>4.0610</td><td>5.9939</td><td>7.6454</td><td>0.0015</td><td>2.1631</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>2.8698</td><td>2.7413</td><td>1.5694</td><td>2.8039</td><td>4.0960</td><td>5.1944</td><td>0.0004</td><td>2.2836</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160046</td><td>4.2475</td><td>4.0192</td><td>2.2864</td><td>4.1141</td><td>6.0832</td><td>7.7941</td><td>0.0148</td><td>2.3599</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>3.0042</td><td>2.8468</td><td>1.6410</td><td>2.9113</td><td>4.2753</td><td>5.4869</td><td>0.0164</td><td>2.2646</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>2.4440</td><td>2.1049</td><td>1.3316</td><td>2.1522</td><td>3.1882</td><td>5.1728</td><td>0.1482</td><td>2.2471</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>3.7738</td><td>3.1737</td><td>1.9572</td><td>3.2548</td><td>5.0131</td><td>8.1784</td><td>0.1610</td><td>2.5570</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>2.6870</td><td>2.2688</td><td>1.3987</td><td>2.3215</td><td>3.5807</td><td>5.7799</td><td>0.1603</td><td>2.3228</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>4.0409</td><td>3.3878</td><td>2.1630</td><td>3.4804</td><td>5.2597</td><td>9.1689</td><td>0.6450</td><td>2.7344</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>2.7519</td><td>2.3201</td><td>1.5089</td><td>2.3899</td><td>3.5526</td><td>6.1413</td><td>0.6300</td><td>3.0085</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199813</td><td>4.1216</td><td>3.4543</td><td>2.2075</td><td>3.5543</td><td>5.3691</td><td>9.3611</td><td>0.6596</td><td>2.8941</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199813</td><td>2.9129</td><td>2.4571</td><td>1.5893</td><td>2.5330</td><td>3.7670</td><td>6.5330</td><td>0.6369</td><td>3.0885</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311431</td><td>6.3313</td><td>5.4576</td><td>3.2272</td><td>5.5294</td><td>8.5269</td><td>14.0750</td><td>0.1785</td><td>1.3156</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311442</td><td>4.3431</td><td>3.7514</td><td>2.2259</td><td>3.8016</td><td>5.8425</td><td>9.6143</td><td>0.1738</td><td>1.3370</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>6.4105</td><td>5.5281</td><td>3.2583</td><td>5.6069</td><td>8.6284</td><td>14.2694</td><td>0.1767</td><td>1.4247</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>4.5087</td><td>3.9023</td><td>2.3007</td><td>3.9605</td><td>6.0438</td><td>10.0180</td><td>0.1783</td><td>1.4927</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 3. — Mesh characteristics for each one of the specimens.Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, volume of the cortical bone; <b>b</b>, volume of trabecular bone; <b>c</b>, number of elements used to create the mesh for each FE model.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Volume CB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>a</b></th><th><b>Volume TB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>b</b></th><th><b>N <b>elementsc</b></b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern human</th><td>1012.8</td><td>651.1</td><td>225729</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>733.3</td><td>662.6</td><td>240469</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1046.1</td><td>178.6</td><td>160103</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1642.9</td><td>577.9</td><td>225710</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>610.1</td><td>542.8</td><td>199857</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>250.7</td><td>65.9</td><td>311431</td></tr></tbody></table>
APPENDIX 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>APPENDIX 1. — Loads applied to the models for each one of the species under analysis and simulated loading scenarios. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, forces (<b>N</b>) and angles (Ɵ) relative to the longitudinal axes of the bone; <b>b</b>, muscle forces for the human and chimpanzee reference models, respectively, are separate by a slash; <b>c</b>, force reactions in the proximal and distal joints were scaled to remove size effects when computing stress distributions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen</th><th>SC</th><th>HRFa</th><th>FPB HS /FPB PTb</th><th>AP HS /AP PTb</th><th>EPB HS /EPB PTb</th><th>ABP HS /ABP PTb</th><th>JRFc d</th><th></th><th><b><b>JRFc</b> mc</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95 17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91 38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18 4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72 5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>44.06/89.27 28.26/61.46 45.21/90.33 30.70/63.62</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>38.81/114.1 28.02/78.76 37.96/113.3 26.36/77.14</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54 14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24 31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66 3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>4.26/28.98 2.69/18.32 4.26/28.98 2.69/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.55/72.02 22.79/49.58 36.46/72.85 24.75/51.29</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>30.75/91.35 22.36/63.11 30.27/90.88 21.41/62.18</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56 18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00 39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.39/36.72 3.41/23.22 5.39/36.76 3.41/23.22</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>43.78/82.63 28.05/57.36 45.11/83.92 30.92/60.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.51/90.61 26.15/64.17 35.78/90.89 26.7/64.7</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>24.78/51.36 18.62/38.59 24.78/51.36 18.62/38.36</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91 53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10 5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37 7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>61.17/125.1 39.33/86.13 64.27/128.2 45.94/92.39</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>49.14/144.11 35.31/99.38 49.57/144.53 36.15/100.2</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74 19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90 42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99 5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.62/89.76 30.56/62.34 49.01/91.09 33.44/65.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.85/117.2 34.51/82.77 50.55/119.84 39.78/87.92</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02 7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>15.29/26.1 11.49/19.68 15.29/26.19 11.49/19.68</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96 2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>17.75/32.87 11.25/22.87 17.88/33.25 12.1/23.65</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>19.08/45.46 13.75/32.18 19.64/46.00 14.84/33.24</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use
<p>TABLE 1. — Sample. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, age of individuals, if known; unk: unknown. <b>b</b>, M: male; F: female. <b>c</b>, R: right; L: left.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><th><b>Common name</b></th><th><b>Age a</b></th><th><b>Sex b</b></th><th><b>Side</b></th><th><b>Digital database/ <b>no</b></b></th><th><b>CT/microCT resolution (mm)</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Homo sapiens</i></th><td>Modern human</td><td>59</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><th><i>Homo neanderthalensis</i></th><td>Neanderthal</td><td>unk</td><td>unk</td><td>R</td><td>NESPOS/ Krapina 202</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pan troglodytes</i></th><td>Chimpanzee</td><td>29</td><td>M</td><td>L</td><td>KURPI/345</td><td>0.219</td></tr><tr><th><i>Gorilla gorilla</i></th><td>Gorilla</td><td>38</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/1353</td><td>0.500</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pongo pygmaeus</i></th><td>Orangutan</td><td>32</td><td>F</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hylobates lar</i></th><td>Gibbon</td><td>33</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/465</td><td>0.250</td></tr></tbody></table>
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