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590 results for “encounter”
Data from: Close encounters: Behavioral responses of migrating songbirds to the perceived risk of predation
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Data from: Abiotic and habitat drivers of tick vector abundance, diversity, phenology and human encounter risk in southern California
The distribution, abundance and seasonal activity of vector species, such as ticks and mosquitoes, are key determinants of vector-borne disease risk, and are strongly influenced by abiotic and habitat conditions. Despite the numerous species of tick vectors in the heavily populated North American West Coast, all but Ixodes pacificus, the primary vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, is poorly characterized with regard to seasonal activity patterns and fine scale drivers of distribution and abundance, particularly in heavily populated regions of southern California. This lack of knowledge inhibits both scientific understanding and public health efforts to minimize vector exposure and risk of pathogen transmission to humans. Here we address this gap by characterizing the abiotic and habitat drivers of the distribution, abundance, and diversity of the vector tick community using fine scale temporal surveys over two seasons (2014 and 2015) across coastal and inland regions of Santa Barbara County, CA. We also characterize patterns of seasonal activity of the more common vector species to understand seasonality in risk of vector exposure, and specifically focus on human encounter risk using standardized tick drags as our method of collection. Leveraging plot-level habitat and abiotic variables in partial least squares regression analysis, we find the seven different vector species collected in this study have divergent drivers of activity and abundance. For example, I. pacificus is strongly associated with dense forest habitats and cool and moist microclimates, while Dermacentor occidentalis and Dermacentor variabilis, competent vectors of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, were found to be more tolerant of higher average temperatures and more open habitats. These results suggest that I. pacificus may be expected to experience reductions in geographic distribution and seasonal activity under projected land cover and climate change in coastal southern California, while D. occidentalis may experience more limited effects. We discuss implications for changing tick-borne disease risk associated with pathogens transmitted by Ixodes as well as Dermacentor species ticks in the western US, and contrast these predictions with eastern North America.
Data from: Age and area predict patterns of species richness in pumice rafts contingent on oceanic climatic zone encountered
The Theory of Island Biogeography predicts that area and age explain species richness patterns (or alpha diversity) in insular habitats. Using a unique natural phenomenon, pumice rafting, we measured the influence of area, age and oceanic climate on patterns of species richness. Pumice rafts are formed simultaneously when submarine volcanoes erupt, the pumice clasts break-up irregularly, forming irregularly shaped pumice stones which while floating through the ocean are colonised by marine biota. We analyse two eruption events and more than 5000 pumice clasts collected from 29 sites and three climatic zones. Overall the older and larger pumice clasts held more species. Pumice clasts arriving in tropical and subtropical climates showed this same trend, where in temperate locations species richness (alpha diversity) increased with area but decreased with age. Beta diversity analysis of the communities forming on pumice clasts that arrived in different climatic zones showed that tropical and subtropical clasts transported similar communities while species composition on temperate clasts differed significantly from both tropical and subtropical arrivals. Using these thousands of insular habitats, we find strong evidence that area and age but also climatic conditions predict the fundamental dynamics of species richness colonising pumice clasts.
Data from: Halfway encounters: meeting points of colonization routes among the southern beeches Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica
The Patagonian region is characterized by a complex biogeographic history, with evidence of deep phylogeographic breaks shared among species. Of particular interest to conservation is the nature of colonization and settlement patterns after the last glacial period, including the detection of secondary contact between different lineages and/or hybridization among related species around phylogeographic breaks. Here we studied population demography and past hybridization of two widespread tree species endemic to South America, Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica. Using 8 nuclear microsatellites we genotyped 41 populations of both species. Genetic variation and structure across the geographic region were evaluated within and among species and the past demographic history of hybridization between the two species was inferred using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Northern and southern lineages were identified in each species, and Bayesian clustering revealed their convergence at mid latitudes (42°S). Spatial genetic structure (SGS) also indicated the existence of a genetic discontinuity at these latitudes, which is in agreement with previous data from maternal DNA markers. Several populations around 42–44°S presented high levels of genetic diversity with a decrease toward southern populations. Even though the species are clearly differentiated (G'ST = 0.335), admixed gene pools were observed in both species. Two independent runs of ABC suggested that inter species admixture-like patterns occurred within the timescale of the Last Glacial Maximum (around 20,000 BP). We also provide evidences of recent and bi-directional hybridization/introgression between the two Nothofagus species and describe features of the populationś demography in the past. The settlement of a secondary contact zone in Nothofagus species around 42–44°S coincides with the phylogeographic breaks and hotspots of genetic diversity found in other plant and animal species in Patagonia, highlighting its importance as reservoir of diversity. The characterization of the population history of native species can contribute substantially to long-term conservation and management policies.
Using incidental mark-encounter data to improve survival estimation
<p>1. Obtaining robust survival estimates is critical, but sample size limitations often result in imprecise estimates or the failure to obtain estimates for population subgroups. Concurrently, data are often recorded on incidental re-encounters of marked individuals, but these incidental data are often unused in survival analyses.</p> <p>2. We evaluated the utility of supplementing a traditional survival dataset with incidental data on marked individuals that were collected ad-hoc. We used a continuous time-to-event exponential survival model to leverage the matching information contained in both datasets and assessed differences in survival among adult and juvenile and resident and translocated Mojave desert tortoises (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>).</p> <p>3. Incorporation of the incidental mark-encounter data improved precision of all annual survival point estimates, with a 3.4–37.5% reduction in the spread of the 95% Bayesian credible intervals. We were able to estimate annual survival for three subgroup combinations that were previously inestimable. Point estimates between the radio-telemetry and combined datasets were within |0.029| percentage points of each other, suggesting minimal to no bias induced by the incidental data.</p> <p>4. Annual survival rates were high (> 0.89) for resident adult and juvenile tortoises in both study sites and for translocated adults in the southern site. Annual survival rates for translocated juveniles at both sites and translocated adults in the northern site were between 0.73 and 0.76. At both sites translocated adults and juveniles had significantly lower survival than resident adults. High mortality in the northern site was driven primarily by a single pulse in mortalities.</p> <p>5. Using exponential survival models to leverage matching information across traditional survival studies and incidental data on marked individuals may serve as a useful tool to improve the precision and estimability of survival rates. This can improve the efficacy of understanding basic population ecology and population monitoring for imperiled species.</p>
Data from: Does prey encounter and nutrient content affect prey selection in wolf spiders inhabiting Bt cotton fields?
Wolf spiders are abundant and voracious predators at the soil-plant interface in cotton crops. Among other prey, they attack late-instar larvae of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa spp., an economically important pest. Consequently, wolf spiders in transgenic Bt cotton could provide significant biological control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae that descend to the soil to pupate. The predator-prey interactions between wolf spiders and Helicoverpa could, however, be constrained by the presence of alternative prey and intraguild predators. This study used laboratory enclosures to analyse the effect of alternative prey on predatory selection of the wolf spider Tasmanicosa leuckartii Thorell. The prey included another wolf spider Hogna crispipes Koch (potential intraguild predator), the ground cricket Teleogryllus commodus Walker (minor pest), and Helicoverpa armigera larvae (major pest). We tested if encounter rates, prey vulnerability, and prey nutritional content influenced the likelihood that a prey was attacked. In three-way food webs, Tasmanicosa encountered and attacked Teleogryllus and Helicoverpa in similar frequencies. However, in the presence of a competing intraguild predator and potential prey (Hogna) in a four-way food web, Tasmanicosa did not always attack Teleogryllus at first encounter, but still attacked Helicoverpa at each encounter. Helicoverpa (protein-poor) and Hogna (protein-rich) were consumed by Tasmanicosa in similar proportions, suggesting that Tasmanicosa might benefit from nutrient balance as an outcome of diverse prey in this food web. As Teleogryllus (protein rich) escapes quicker than Helicoverpa and Hogna, Hogna may be an easier protein-rich option than Teleogryllus. Field surveys showed that while Teleogryllus was the most common prey, wolf spiders feed on diverse insect taxa, as well as other spiders. That Tasmanicosa readily attacked Helicoverpa larvae in the presence of alternative prey is an encouraging result that supports the potential of Tasmanicosa predation to assist in the control of Bt-resistant Helicoverpa larvae and thereby inhibit the proliferation and spread of resistance.
Dataset for the paper - "Synchronized LFP rhythmicity in the social brain reflects the context of social encounters"
<p>Dataset for the paper:</p><p>Synchronized LFP rhythmicity in the social brain reflects the context of social encounters</p><p>Alok Nath Mohapatra,*, David Peles, Shai Netser, Shlomo Wagner</p><p>*Corresponding author: Alok Nath Mohapatra, Email: thinkalok@gmail.com </p><p>Affiliation: Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, POB. 3338, Haifa 3103301, Israel.</p><p> </p>
Supplementary material: Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water
<p>This audiovisual material brings to life the soundscape of prehistoric rock art sites in Finland, mainly from around 5,000 years ago. The painted cliffs rising directly from the lakes respond to human-made sounds with echoes. Rock art sites with images of animals, humans, boats, and even drummers are believed to have been ritual sites for prehistoric hunter-fisher-gatherers. </p> <p>The digital recreations were made in collaboration between musicologists, cognitive scientists, archaeologists and artists, using in situ impulse response recordings, dry studio recordings, terrestrial and aerial laser scans, spherical photography and convolution reverb and virtual reality techniques. The work was part of the Academy of Finland funded project ”Acoustics and auditory culture at hunter-gatherer rock art sites in Northern Europe, Siberia and North America” (2018–2023) at the University of Helsinki.</p> <p>Sound design: Perttu Kesäniemi, Paavo Rinkkala, Mikko Ojanen, Jaska Uimonen<br>Video design: Paavo Rinkkala <br>Vocal improvisation & wooden percussion plaque: Taina Saarikivi<br>Vocal improvisation: Emmi Kujanpää<br>Drumming: Mikko Heikinpoika <br>Linguistic reconstruction: Janne Saarikivi<br>Impulse response recording: Riitta Rainio, Julia Shpinitskaya, Lauri Tanskanen, Kai Lassfolk<br>Ambient sound recording: Riitta Rainio, YleArkisto<br>Photography: Julia Shpinitskaya, Riitta Rainio, Kai Lassfolk<br>Studio recording: Perttu Kesäniemi, Petteri Falck, Vilja Haapala, Heta Eronen, Tuulikki Toppari, Mikko Ojanen, Paavo Rinkkala, Riitta Rainio<br>Studio: University of Helsinki Music Research Laboratory & Electronic Music Studio<br>Studio software: Logic Pro X Space Designer<br>Virtual reality reconstruction: Paavo Rinkkala, Jami Pekkanen <br>Rendering software: Unreal Engine 5.1 <br>LiDAR scanning: Jari Okkonen <br>Drum & drumstick model: Paavo Rinkkala<br>Mesolithic canoe model: Carolien Bijvoet <br>Night sky: NASA Deep Star Maps 2020 <br>Foliage: Nature Package by SilverTm <br>Rock painting details: Ismo Luukkonen 2021</p> <p>Supplementary material to the article: <br>Rainio, R., Shpinitskaya, J., Rinkkala, P., Pekkanen, J., Kesäniemi, P. & Ojanen, M. 2024. Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water. <em>Sound Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293</a></p> <p>The material is also available for streaming/embedding via: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv5RHkY9FT3J-abz-NxFPPkSttVtAD_cC" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv5RHkY9FT3J-abz-NxFPPkSttVtAD_cC</a></p> <h2>Sound sample 1: Fisherman’s spell</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what talking or incanting would have sounded like at the Keltavuori rock art site in Lappeenranta, about 2,500 years ago. The fisherman recites an incantation in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings. The lyrics in early Proto-Sámi are based on linguistic and cultural reconstruction, but are fully fictional. According to linguists, early Proto-Sámi could hypothetically have been spoken in Southeastern Finland around 500 BC, when the rock art sites were still being visited. However, the people who originally made the images of animals, humans and boats, probably spoke a completely different language.</p> <h2>Sound sample 2: Hammer vibrato at Vaskivuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Vaskivuori rock art site in Luumäki. The singer produces sounds with hammer vibrato technique in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 3: Nasal sounds at Haukkasaari</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Haukkasaari rock art site in Lemi. The singer produces nasal sounds in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 29 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 4: Cattle call at Olhavanvuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Olhavanvuori rock art site in Kouvola, Finland. The singer performs a traditional Scandinavian-style cattle call in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 29 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 5: Viena Karelian <em>Yoik</em> at Kalamaniemi</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what chanting would have sounded like at the Kalamaniemi rock art site in Luumäki. The chanter performs a traditional Viena Karelian style <em>yoik</em> in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 44 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Sound sample 6: Throat vibrato at Keltavuori</h2> <p>This sound sample simulates what singing would have sounded like at the Keltavuori rock art site in Lappeenranta. The singer produces sounds with throat vibrato technique in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 24 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video1 : Drumming in the Evening</h2> <p>This video recreates a drumming performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. The performer beats the drum in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 26 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video 2: Echoes at Siliävuori in Three Stages</h2> <p>This video recreates a chanting performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. At first, the chant is heard as recorded in the studio, without the acoustics of the place. Next, the painted rock cliff rising directly from the lake responds to the song with an echo. Eventually, the echoes from the whole environment are heard joining in.</p> <h2>Video 3: Singing in the Evening</h2> <p>This video brings to life a chanting performance at the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. The chanter performs a traditional Viena Karelian style <em>yoik</em> in front of the painted lakeshore cliff, 26 m away from the paintings.</p> <h2>Video 4: Rock painting scenery at Siliävuori</h2> <p>This video takes a short tour of the digital recreation of the Siliävuori rock art site in Luumäki. </p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 5 in Rediscovery and systematics of the rarely encountered Blue-bellied kukri snake (Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909) from Assam, India
FIGURE 5. Newly reported, roadkill specimen of Oligodon melaneus (WII-ADR980) photographed after preservation. Full body in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views; head in (C) dorsal, (D) ventral, (E) right lateral, and (F) left lateral views. Scale bars 10mm.
FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery and systematics of the rarely encountered Blue-bellied kukri snake (Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909) from Assam, India
FIGURE 4. Newly reported, roadkill specimen of Oligodon melaneus (WII-ADR980) photographed soon after collection. (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) left lateral view of head, (D) ventrolateral aspect of midbody and (E) ventrolateral aspect of subcaudals. Images not to scale. See Table 1 for dimensions.
FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery and systematics of the rarely encountered Blue-bellied kukri snake (Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909) from Assam, India
FIGURE 2. Designated lectotype of Oligodon melaneus (BMNH 1910.12.31.3). Photographs by Kevin Webb. Scale bar increments in mm.
FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery and systematics of the rarely encountered Blue-bellied kukri snake (Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909) from Assam, India
FIGURE 3. Paralectotype of Oligodon melaneus BNHS 958. Photographs by Saunak Pal. Image not to scale.
FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery and systematics of the rarely encountered Blue-bellied kukri snake (Oligodon melaneus Wall, 1909) from Assam, India
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Oligodon melaneus. A) ML phylogeny with bootstrap support values, B) BI phylogeny with Bayesian posterior probability support values.
Figure 3 in Density estimations of the Asiatic black bear: application of the random encounter model
Figure 3. Monthly variation in the distance moved as calculated from 1-hour positioning with global positioning system (GPS) collars and estimated via GLMM.
Figure 2 in Density estimations of the Asiatic black bear: application of the random encounter model
Figure 2. Relationship between the fixed interval of the global positioning system (GPS) collar and the distance moved (km/h) as calculated based on the interval.
Figure 1 in Density estimations of the Asiatic black bear: application of the random encounter model
Figure 1. Shirakawa Village, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, where the field study was conducted, including the locations of the sensor cameras.
Figure 4 in Density estimations of the Asiatic black bear: application of the random encounter model
Figure 4. Coefficient of variation of the estimated density and its confidence interval when the number of cameras is varied from 1 to 100. The coefficients of variation are calculated for each session. The black straight line indicates a border at CV = 0.2.
FIGURE 2 in On the distribution and natural history of a rarely encountered species: Goliathus (Fornasinius) klingbeili Zöller, Fiebig, & Schulze, 1995 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 2. Known distribution of Goliathus (Fornassinius) klingbeili in West Africa (red dots). Type locality in yellow. Map produced with Simplemappr (www.simplemappr.net).
FIGURE 1 in On the distribution and natural history of a rarely encountered species: Goliathus (Fornasinius) klingbeili Zöller, Fiebig, & Schulze, 1995 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 1. Habitus of Goliathus (Fornasinius) klingbeili Zöller, Fiebig, & Schulze, 1995, male. A: dorsal view; B: ventral view. Length: 47 mm.
Distribution of encounters of individual asteroid pairs
<p>The figures present the results for each new asteroid pair. The first subfigure of each panel shows the time distribution of encounters between clones of asteroids. The legend describes the parameters of the primary component for each pair and the cut-off parameters of the considered encounters. The second subplot demonstrates the distribution of encounters in terms of Hill sphere radii and escape velocities, and gives the information of how close the registered encounters were. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.