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332 results for “environmental conditions”
Hunting constrains wintering mallard response to habitat and environmental conditions
<p>The spatiotemporal allocation of activity is fundamental to how organisms balance energetic intake and predation risk. Activity patterns fluctuate daily and seasonally, and they are proximately affected by exogenous and endogenous conditions. For birds, flight activity is often necessary for relocating between foraging patches but is energetically expensive and can increase mortality risk. Hunted species may have to adjust their behavior and activity patterns to minimize anthropogenic mortality risk. We used hourly locations from 336 GPS-marked mallards (<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>) to examine how hunting pressure affected flight activity in response to weather conditions and habitat availability during winter in western Tennessee, USA. Mallards were more likely to fly during crepuscular times, particularly dusk, across winter months. Mallards conducted more flights after shooting hours when habitat availability increased during open hunting season; conversely, mallard flights decreased with increasing habitat availability when hunters were present on the landscape. Mallards were least active during periods open to hunting. However, indicators of approaching inclement weather (i.e., increased wind speed, precipitation, and decreasing barometric pressure) increased flights during periods open to hunting. Mallard flights decreased at lower temperatures except when hunting season was closed, wherein mallards increased nighttime flights. Flight activity was directly influenced by hunting disturbance which constrained when and how mallards reacted to environmental and habitat conditions. An understanding of the temporal shifts in waterfowl flight patterns can be used by natural resource managers to better manage stakeholder satisfaction and expectations.</p>
N2O and CO2 fluxes and related environmental conditions in response to manure and synthetic fertilization treatments, with and without a urease inhibitor
<p>Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and N loss as NH<sub>3</sub>, but the practice has been shown to increase N<sub>2</sub>O, a powerful GHG, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH<sub>3</sub> emissions, but its impact on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a two-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT (n=4 treatment replicates; 32 total subplots). This dataset includes the daily N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in every subplot on each sampling day in our trial, along with cumulative emissions for 2020 and 2021. We also include the other variables that we measured (listed above) and relevant weather data (precipitation and air temperature). Note that during the second treatment application in 2021, the incorrect treatment was applied to one synthetic urea subplot. We therefore excluded this subplot from our analysis of daily fluxes after 30 July 2021 (n=3 synthetic urea replicates). Details about our sampling methods are available in the corresponding manuscript.</p>
Data from: The Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) on locomotor activity across different environmental conditions
<p>In nature, organisms are exposed to variable and occasionally stressful environmental conditions. Responses to diurnal and seasonal fluctuations, such as temperature and food accessibility, involve adaptive behavioral and physiological changes. While much work has been done on understanding the genetic architecture and evolutionary potential of stress tolerance traits under constant thermal conditions, there has been less focus on the quantitative genetic background in variable environments. In this study, we use the <em>Drosophila</em> Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to investigate locomotor activity, a key behavioral trait, under variable natural thermal conditions during the summer in a temperate environment. Male flies from 100 DGRP lines were exposed to natural thermal and light conditions in <em>Drosophila</em> activity monitors across three experimental days. We found that activity was highly temperature- and time-dependent and varied between lines both within and between days. Further, we observed variation in genetic and environmental variance components, with low to moderate estimates of the heritability for locomotor activity, consistently peaking in the afternoons. Moreover, we showed that the estimated genetic correlations of locomotor activity between two time points decreased as the absolute differences in ambient temperature was increased. In conclusion, we find that the genetic background for locomotor activity is environment specific and we conclude that more variable and unpredictable future temperatures will likely have a strong impact on the evolutionary trajectories of behavioral traits in ectotherms.</p>
Fig 2 in Birch Tree Response To Different Environmental And Meteorological Conditions In Lithuania
Fig 2. Changes in birch tree mortality (%) during the period of 1991-2014 (Forest monitoring data).
Data for publication: A food system transformation can enhance global health, environmental conditions and social inclusion
<p>Data related to the publication "A food system transformation can enhance global health, environmental conditions and social inclusion"</p>
Environmental (oxygen) conditions on the NW African coast from 3D reanalysis models
<p>This dataset contain hydrodynamic and biogeochemical variables extracted from the CMEMS service (<a href="https://marine.copernicus.eu/">https://marine.copernicus.eu/</a>) covering the NW region of the African coast and the period 1993 to 2019. The environmental dataset include subsurface (100 to 200m) oxygen concentration.</p>
Environmental (biogeochemical) conditions on the NW African coast from 3D reanalysis models
<p>This dataset contain hydrodynamic and biogeochemical variables extracted from the CMEMS service (<a href="https://marine.copernicus.eu/">https://marine.copernicus.eu/</a>) covering the NW region of the African coast and the period 1993 to 2019. The environmental dataset include: nitrate concentration, phosphate concentration and chlorophyll-a concentration.</p>
Data supporting: Environmental RNA degrades more rapidly than environmental DNA across a broad range of pH conditions
<p>Although the use and development of molecular biomonitoring tools based on environmental nucleic acids (eDNA and eRNA; collectively known as eNAs) have gained broad interest for the quantification of biodiversity in natural ecosystems, studies investigating the impact of site-specific physicochemical parameters on eNA-based detection methods (particularly eRNA) remain scarce. Here, we used a controlled laboratory microcosm experiment to comparatively assess the environmental degradation of eDNA and eRNA across an acid-base gradient following complete removal of the progenitor organism (<em>Daphnia pulex</em>). Using water samples collected over a 30-day period, eDNA and eRNA copy numbers were quantified using a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay targeting the mitochondrial <em>cytochrome c oxidase</em> subunit I (COI) gene of <em>D. pulex</em>. We found that eRNA decayed more rapidly than eDNA at all pH conditions tested, with detectability—predicted by an exponential decay model—for up to 57 hours (eRNA; neutral pH) and 143 days (eDNA; acidic pH) post organismal removal. Decay rates for eDNA were significantly higher in neutral and alkaline conditions than in acidic conditions, while decay rates for eRNA did not differ significantly among pH levels. Collectively, our findings provide the basis for a predictive framework assessing the persistence and degradation dynamics of eRNA and eDNA across a range of ecologically relevant pH conditions, establish the potential for eRNA to be used in spatially and temporally sensitive biomonitoring studies (as it is detectable across a range of pH levels), and may be used to inform future sampling strategies in aquatic habitats.</p>
Invasive brown widow spiders disperse aerially under a broad range of environmental conditions
<p>Spiders commonly disperse on silk lines as juveniles by means of rappelling or ballooning. These modes of dispersal, especially long-distance dispersal via ballooning, can greatly increase the distance an individual can move, and at the population level, the speed of range expansion and likelihood of gene flow. Nevertheless, few studies have examined how spiders disperse under field conditions, and which environmental and meteorological conditions may affect their decision to disperse. We tested dispersal by spiderlings of the invasive brown widow (<em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>) under field conditions in the Negev Desert of Israel. We documented pre-dispersal (climbing and tiptoeing) and dispersal (short-distance dispersal by rappelling and long-distance dispersal by ballooning) behaviours during the day (n = 147 spiders) and night (n = 171 spiders), while recording wind speed, temperature, and humidity. We found that spiders ballooned significantly more during the day (14.3%) compared with 1.8% of spiders ballooning at night. At night, spiders were more likely to disperse in conditions of higher wind speeds, lower temperature, and higher humidity, whereas during the day, environmental factors were less predictive of dispersal behaviour. In addition, we found significant differences in the proportion of spiderlings showing pre-dispersal and dispersal behaviour depending on family line. In conjunction with human-mediated dispersal, ballooning and rappelling may be an important mechanism of range expansion in the brown widow spider. Understanding the environmental and genetic factors affecting dispersal may lead to better management of invasive species.</p>
Active season body mass patterns of Little Brown Bats and Northern Myotis: Raw and fitted mass values, environmental conditions and inflection point estimates
<p><span>Animals are expected to adjust their behavioural patterns to improve fitness outcomes, such as fecundity or offspring survival. For long-lived hibernators, decisions made in each annual cycle may reflect considerations not just for concurrent survival and reproduction, but also the pressure to maximize overwinter survival and future reproductive success. We examined how these elements manifest themselves in the body mass variation patterns of North American northern latitude temperate bats, whose size and roosting habits present considerable monitoring challenges. We characterized and compared the summer and fall mass variation patterns of little brown myotis (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>) and northern myotis (<em>M. septentrionalis</em></span><span>) from a historic dataset. In summer, the estimated date of parturition was strongly associated with spring foraging conditions (low wind, low precipitation, warm temperatures), and mass gain associated with female reproduction conferred considerable differentiation between the mass variation patterns of females and males. In fall, differences were most apparent among species, although adults exhibited a greater capacity for rapid mass gain than juveniles. These results demonstrate how reproductive constraints and interannual survival have important influences on the behaviour of temperate bats. Future work should seek to quantify the fitness benefits of patterns identified in this study, such as the rate of prehibernation mass gain.</span></p>
Assortative mating by telomere length under different environmental conditions in the brown booby, a long-lived seabird
<p class="NoteLevel11"><span>Life-history strategies covary with a suite of behavioral and physiological responses along a slow-fast continuum, known as pace-of-life-syndrome. Particularly in long-lived species, pace-of-life is expected to influence breeding strategies, making it a potentially important factor in mate choice. It has been proposed that telomere length (TL) may integrate individual physiological components and survival prospects that underlie individual differences in pace-of-life. In the brown booby (Sula leucogaster), a long-lived seabird, we investigated whether TL may indicate individual pace-of-life by examining how it relates to mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), corticosterone (cort) levels, and skin coloration—a condition-dependent sexual trait. Then, we tested whether there is assortative mating by TL, and whether the degree of TL similarity between partners influences an individual's likelihood of changing mates and physiological state (mtDNAcn and cort levels). Because environmental conditions may have important effects on the individual pace-of-life, the study was performed in two colonies with contrasting breeding conditions. We found that TL was positively related to mtDNAcn (but not cort levels), suggesting that individuals with shorter telomeres have reduced mitochondrial activity and aerobic capacity. TL was reflected in sexual coloration, but only in the colony with good breeding conditions. There was positive assortative mating by TL, however the degree of assortative mating was unrelated to mtDNAcn, cort levels and the probability of mate change, which greatly varied between the two colonies. Our results suggest that TL </span><span>might be an indicator of the individual pace-of-life and may influence mating patterns. </span><span>Importantly, contrasting environmental conditions </span><span>influenced the link between TL and sexual coloration and the propensity of individuals to change mate, highlighting the importance of environmental variation on breeding strategies.</span><span> </span></p>
Data from: Nature versus nurture: Structural equation modeling indicates that parental care does not mitigate consequences of poor environmental conditions in Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis)
<p>1. How organisms respond to variation in environmental conditions and whether behavioral responses can mitigate negative consequences on growth, condition and other fitness measures are critical to our ability to conserve populations in changing environments. Offspring development is affected by environmental conditions and parental care behavior. When adverse environmental conditions are present, parents may alter behaviors to mitigate the impacts of poor environmental conditions on offspring.</p> <p>2. We determined if parental behavior (provisioning rates, attentiveness, nest temperature) varied in relation to environmental conditions (e.g., food availability, ectoparasites) and if parental behavior mitigated negative consequences of the environment on their offspring in Eastern bluebirds (<i>Sialia sialis</i>).</p> <p>3. We found that offspring on territories with lower food availability had higher hematocrit, and when bird blow flies (<i>Protocalliphora</i> spp.) were present growth rates were reduced. Parents increased provisioning and nest attendance in response to increased food availability but did not alter behavior in response to parasitism by blow flies. While parents altered behavior in response to resource availability, parents were unable to override the direct effects of negative environmental conditions on offspring growth and hematocrit.</p> <p>4. Our work highlights the importance of the environment on offspring development and suggests that parents may not be able to sufficiently alter behavior to ameliorate challenging environmental conditions.</p>
Data from: Environmental conditions differently shape leaf, seed and seedling trait composition between and within elevations of tropical montane forests
<p>The composition of plant functional traits varies in response to environmental conditions due to processes of community assembly and species sorting. However, there is a lack of understanding of how plant trait composition responds to environmental conditions at different spatial scales and across the plant life cycle. We investigated the trait composition of leaves (specific leaf area), seeds (seed mass) and seedlings (initial seedling height) across elevations and within elevations in relation to soil and light conditions in a tropical montane forest in southern Ecuador. We surveyed traits and communities of adult trees, seeds and seedlings on nine plots at three elevations (1000-3000 m a.s.l.) and calculated community-weighted mean trait values to analyse trait variation across and within elevations. In addition, we measured two environmental factors (soil C/N ratio and canopy openness) to quantify local-scale variation in environmental conditions within elevations. We found that community-weighted means of specific leaf area, seed mass and initial seedling height decreased consistently with increasing elevation. Within elevations, mean trait values of trees, seeds and seedlings responded differently to local-scale environmental conditions. Specific leaf area decreased with increasing soil C/N ratio, and initial seedling height decreased with increasing canopy openness. Seed mass was associated neither with soil nor with light conditions. Our findings show that broad-scale and local-scale processes differently shape the composition of leaf, seed and seedling traits in tropical forests, indicating a scale-dependence in trait-environment associations. Furthermore, plant traits corresponding to different life stages were related differently to environmental conditions within elevations. Community assembly processes may therefore lead to differences in species sorting at early and late plant life stages.</p>
High buffering potential of winter wheat composite cross populations to rapidly changing environmental conditions
<p><span>A winter wheat composite cross population (CCP), created in the UK in 2001, has been grown in Germany, Hungary and the UK since 2005 (F<sub>5</sub> generation). In 2008/9 (F<sub>8</sub>), a cycling pattern for the populations was developed between partners to test the effects of rapidly changing environments on agronomic performance. One CCP was grown by eight partners for one year and subsequently sent to the next partner, creating "cycling CCPs" with different histories. In 2013, all eight cycling CCPs and the three non-cycling CCPs (from Germany, Hungary and UK) were included in a two-year experiment in Germany with three line varieties to compare agronomic performance and morphological characteristics. Differing seed weight of the F<sub>13</sub> at sowing affected some agronomic parameters under drought conditions in 2014/15, but not under less stressful conditions in 2013/14. In both experimental years, the CCPs were comparable to the line varieties in terms of agronomic performance, with some CCPs outyielding the varieties under drought conditions of 2015. The results highlight the potential of CCPs to compete with line varieties while the</span> <span>overall similarity of the CCPs based on their origin and cycling history for agronomic traits indicate a high buffering potential under highly variable environmental conditions. </span></p>
Figure 11 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 11. Roost composition in the Khanewal of UC-6. S.E. = Standard Error.
Figure 12 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 12. Khanewal: UC 7; Roost composition of the four birds. S.E. = Standard Error.
Figure 7 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 7. Roost composition of birds in Lahore Road, Sheikhupura. S.E. = Standard Error.
Figure 4 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 4. Roost composition of birds in Toba Tek Singh (UC 286). S.E. = Standard Error.
Figure 2 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 2. PARS Campus for the roost composition of birds. S.E. = Standard Error.
Influence of environmental conditions on the fusion of cationic liposomes with living mammalian cells
<p>Lipid-based nanoparticles, also called vesicles or liposomes, can be used as carriers for drugs or many types of biological macromolecules including DNA and proteins. Efficiency and speed of cargo delivery are especially high for carrier vesicles that fuse with the cellular plasma membrane. This occurs for lipid mixture containing equal amounts of the cationic lipid DOTAP and a neutral lipid with an additional few percent of an aromatic substance. The fusion ability of such particles depends on lipid composition with phosphoethanolamine (PE) lipids favoring fusion and phosphatidyl-choline (PC) lipids endocytosis. Here we examined the effects of temperature, ionic strength, osmolality, and pH on fusion efficiency of cationic liposomes with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The phase state of liposomes was analyzed by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Our results showed that PC containing lipid membranes were organized in the lamellar phase. Here, fusion efficiency depended on buffer conditions and remained vanishingly small at physiological conditions. In contrast, SANS indicated the coexistence of very small (~ 50 nm) objects with larger, most likely lamellar structures for PE containing lipid particles. The fusion of such particles to cell membranes occurred with very high efficiency at all buffer conditions. We hypothesize that the altered phase state resulted in a highly reduced energetic barrier against fusion.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.