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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2017View details →

Figs 5–9 in Notes on higher classification of the family Nogodinidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea), with description of new tribe and new species

Figs 5–9. Nogodinidae, female genitalia, anterior connective lamina of gonapophyse VIII

openother-pdAug 2024View details →

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy: EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 2.1 with eolIDs, authorities & higher classification

Currently active Dynamic Hierarchy and archived versions. For more information, see: https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchyThe Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

openother-pdAug 2024View details →

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy: Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.1 with higher classification

opennotspecifiedAug 2024View details →

World Odonata List (ODO) - active: Odonata species & higher classification (ODO)

Species List from World Odonata List version 20 April 2017. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/Species based on World Odonata List version 10 August 2020 The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

FIG. 92 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 92. Optimization of the slender hook setae: state 0, present; state 1, absent.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

FIG. 91 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 91. Optimization of broad/jagged setae: state 0, broad setae; state 1, jagged setae.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

FIG. 51 in Implications of the tympanal hearing organ and ultrastructure of chaetotaxy for the higher classification of Embioptera

FIG. 51. Optimization of the silk ejectors Type II: state 0, absent; state 1, present.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Phylogenomic inference of the higher classification of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

The family Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) is a species-rich group of aculeate wasps that occur worldwide. The higher-level classification of the family has historically been controversial due, in part, to the extreme sexual dimorphism exhibited by these insects and their morphological similarity to other wasp taxa that also have apterous females. Modern hypotheses on the internal higher classification of Mutillidae have been exclusively based on morphology and, further, they include Myrmosinae as a mutillid subfamily. In contrast, several molecular-based family-level studies of Aculeata recovered Myrmosinae as a nonmutillid taxon. To test the validity of these morphology-based classifications and the phylogenetic placement of the controversial taxon Myrmosinae, a phylogenomic study of Mutillidae was conducted using ultraconserved elements (UCEs). All alignments, tree files, XML file, and contig assemblies (SPAdes and Trinity) used for (or produced by) this study are included here. A specimen data table is also included.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2005View details →

Fig. 44. Character 64. Uncal lateral lobes, states 0 and 1 in An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna

Fig. 44. Character 64. Uncal lateral lobes, states 0 and 1: (0) absent; (1) present.

FIGURE 5. A–D in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 5. A–D, drawings of specimens referred to as Tetrastemma flavidum Ehrenberg, 1828 by different authors; E, Nemertellina yamaokai Kajihara et al., 2001. A, reproduced from Ehrenberg (1828–1831); head, dorsal view (right); anterior fragment of body (middle); posterior end (left); the eyes are anteroposteriorly separated; the rhynchocoel appears to extend half body length at most. B, reproduced from McIntosh (1873–1874); this species is commonly regarded by subsequent authors (e.g., Beaumont 1900; Wijnhoff 1912) as belonging in Nemertopsis Bürger, 1895; the rhynchocoel extends 2/3 of body in this species (Beaumont 1900). C, reproduced from Bürger (1895); the rhynchocoel extends into the posterior region of the body. D, reproduced with permission (license number: 4636460733834) from Strand & Sundberg (2005b, fig. 1A) (© 2005 Oxford University Press); the eyes are arranged at the corners of a square. E, reproduced from Yamaoka (1940); anterior body, dorsal view (right); head, ventral view (left); the eyes are anteroposteriorly widely separated; the rhynchocoel is 30–60% of the body length (Kajihara et al. 2001). A–C and E are in the public domain.

FIGURE 4. Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 4. Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 (ICHUM 5973), transverse sections through ventral rhynchocoel wall; A, anterior end, branch from mid-dorsal vessel, with basophilic contents (arrowhead); B, mid-dorsal vessel (arrowhead), 24 µm posterior to A; C, D, another branch (black arrowheads) with basophilic contents, sent off from mid-dorsal vessel (white arrowheads), 208–232 µm posterior to A. Scale bar: 20 µm (A–D).

FIGURE 3. A–B in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 3. A–B, Amphiporus lactifloreus (Johnston, 1828) (ICHUM 3280); A, anaesthetized living specimen; B, transverse section showing vascular plug (arrowhead); C–E, Quasitetrastemma stimpsoni (Chernyshev, 1992) (C, D, unregistered specimen, 3 July 2004, Akkeshi; E, ICHUM 5972); C, dorsal surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; D, ventral surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; E, transverse section showing vascular plug (arrowhead). Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 50 µm (B, E); no scales for C, D.

FIGURE 2. A in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 2. A, 'Emplectonema' mitsuii Yamaoka, 1947 (ICHUM 5968), transverse section immediately behind proboscis insertion, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) with medially modified epithelium; B–D, Gononemertes parasita Bergendal, 1900 (ICHUM 5971); B, dorsal surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; C, ventral surface at anterior end, anaesthetized living specimen; D, transverse section through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into the rhynchocoel; E–G, Oerstedia dorsalis (Abildgaard, 1806) (ICUM 3274); E, anaesthetized specimen in living state; F, G, transverse sections through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into rhynchocoel; H, I, Oerstedia polyorbis Iwata, 1954 (H, ICHUM 3287; I, ICHUM 3288), transverse sections through brain ring, showing cephalic vessels (arrowheads) protruding into rhynchocoel. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, D); 50 µm (F–I); no scales for B, C, E.

FIGURE 1 in Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

FIGURE 1. Three different interpretations on the character evolution of rhynchocoel-wall composition among Monostilifera, mapped on topologically the same cladogram. A, if the last common ancestor of monostiliferans had a two-layered rhynchocoel wall (t), the interwoven state (i) would evolve twice; B, C, if the ancestral state was the interwoven one, either the last common ancestor of Eumonostilifera (= Plectonemertidae + Oerstediidae + Amphiporina) would acquire the two-layered state (B), or Oerstediidae and Amphiporina independently evolved the two-layered rhynchocoel walls (C); in either case, the loss of a single vascular plug on the mid-dorsal vessel (l) must have happened at the last common ancestor of Oerstediina (= Plectonemertidae + Oerstediidae), in which cephalic vessels protrude into the rhynchocoel when passing through cerebral ring.

FIGURES 1–3. 1 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)

FIGURES 1–3. 1. Aenictacantha setifera Disney, female thorax and abdominal tergites 1–6. 2. Metopina cindybrownae Disney, female abdominal tergites 3–5. 3. Puliciphora beaveri Disney, female abdominal tergites 1–6. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 5–6 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)

FIGURES 5–6. Gymnophora, females, dorsal abdominal glands discharging between abdominal terga 5 and 6, (5) G. quartomollis Schmitz; (6) G. healeyae Disney. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 10–11 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)

FIGURES 10–11. Phalacrotophora berolinensis Schmitz, female abdominal tergites and associated structures, (10) dorsum of segments 3–6; (11) tergite 5 invaginated beneath rear of T4. (T3–T5 = tergites 3–5, D = dorsal abdominal gland, P = papilla on T3, S5 = spiracle of abdominal segment 5. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 7–9. 7. Aphiura breviceps Schmitz, female abdominal tergites 5–6. 8. Woodiphora malae Disney female abdominal tergites 5–7. 9. Gymnophora integralis Schmitz, female abdominal tergites 5–6 in The dorsal abdominal glands and the higher classification of the Phoridae (Diptera)

FIGURES 7–9. 7. Aphiura breviceps Schmitz, female abdominal tergites 5–6. 8. Woodiphora malae Disney female abdominal tergites 5–7. 9. Gymnophora integralis Schmitz, female abdominal tergites 5–6. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution

Gracillariidae are one of the most diverse families of internally feeding insects, and many species are economically important. Study of this family has been hampered by lack of a robust and comprehensive phylogeny. In the present paper, we sequenced up to 22 genes in 96 gracillariid species, representing all previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups, plus 20 outgroups representing other families and superfamilies. Following objective identification and removal of two rogue taxa, two datasets were constructed: dataset 1, which included 12 loci totalling 9927 bp for 94 taxa, and dataset 2, which supplemented dataset 1 with 10 additional loci for 10 taxa, for a total of 22 loci and 16 167 bp. Maximum likelihood analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Gracillariidae and most previously recognized subfamilies and genus groups. On this basis, we propose a new classification consisting of eight subfamilies, four of which are newly recognized or resurrected: Acrocercopinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Gracillariinae Stainton; Lithocolletinae Stainton; Marmarinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Oecophyllembiinae Réal & Balachowsky; Parornichinae Kawahara & Ohshima subfam. n.; Ornixolinae Kuznetzov & Baryshnikova stat. rev.; and Phyllocnistinae Zeller. The subfamily Gracillariinae is restricted to the monophyletic group comprising Gracillaria Haworth and closely related genera. We also formally transfer Acrocercops scriptulata Meyrick to Ornixolinae and use the name Diphtheroptila Vári, creating Diphtheroptila scriptulata comb. n. An exploratory mapping of larval host-use traits on the phylogeny shows strong conservation of modes of leaf mining but much higher lability of associations with host plant orders and families, suggesting that host shifts could play a significant role in gracillariid diversification.