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99 results for “host preference”
Figure 1. A in Intense inhabitation and relaxed host-leaf preference of aquatic chironomid leaf-miners in headwater streams in Asian lucidophyllous forests
Figure 1. A map showing sampling sites in the Japanese Island Arc. Triangles, sites where leafmines were not found; circles, sites where leaf-mines were found (S1–S11). Northern limit of lucidophyllous forests is also shown.
Data from: Preference for outbred host plants and positive effects of inbreeding on egg survival in a specialist herbivore
Inbreeding can profoundly affect the interactions of plants with herbivores as well as with the natural enemies of the herbivores. We studied how plant inbreeding affects herbivore oviposition preference, and whether inbreeding of both plants and herbivores alters the probability of predation or parasitism of herbivore eggs. In a laboratory preference test with the specialist herbivore moth Abrostola asclepiadis and inbred and outbred Vincetoxicum hirundinaria plants, we discovered that herbivores preferred to oviposit on outbred plants. A field experiment with inbred and outbred plants that bore inbred or outbred herbivore eggs revealed that the eggs of the outbred herbivores were more likely to be lost by predation, parasitism or plant hypersensitive responses than inbred eggs. This difference did not lead to differences in the realized fecundity as the number of hatched larvae did not differ between inbred and outbred herbivores. Thus, the strength of inbreeding depression in herbivores decreases when their natural enemies are involved. Plant inbreeding did not alter the attraction of natural enemies of the eggs. We conclude that inbreeding can significantly alter the interactions of plants and herbivores at different life-history stages, and that some of these alterations are mediated by the natural enemies of the herbivores.
Data from: Divergent host preferences of above- and below-ground Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and their hybrid offspring.
Culex pipiens form pipiens and Cx. pipiens form molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) belong to a cosmopolitan taxonomic group known as the Pipiens Assemblage. Hybridization between these forms is thought to contribute to human transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America. Complementary choice and no-choice landing assays were developed to examine host acceptance by North American Cx. pipiens in the laboratory. Populations collected from above- and below-ground sites in suburban Chicago were identified as forms pipiens and molestus using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Avian and human host acceptance was then quantified for the two populations, as well as for their hybrid and backcross offspring. No-choice tests were used to demonstrate that both the pipiens and molestus forms were capable of feeding on human and avian hosts. Choice tests were used to demonstrate that form pipiens females were strongly avian-seeking; an individual's probability of accepting the chick host was 85%. Form molestus females were more likely to accept the human host (87%). Rates of host acceptance by F1 and backcross progeny were intermediate to those of their parents. The results suggest that host preferences in Cx. pipiens are genetically determined, and that ongoing hybridization between above- and below-ground populations is an important contributor to epizootic transmission of WNV in North America.
Data from: Insect mating signal and mate preference phenotypes covary among host plant genotypes
Sexual selection acting on small initial differences in mating signals and mate preferences can enhance signal-preference co-divergence and reproductive isolation during speciation. However, the origin of initial differences in sexual traits remains unclear. We asked whether biotic environments, a source of variation in sexual traits, may provide a general solution to this problem. Specifically, we asked whether genetic variation in biotic environments provided by host plants can result in signal-preference phenotypic covariance in a host-specific, plant-feeding insect. We used a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) to assess patterns of variation in male mating signals and female mate preferences induced by genetic variation in host plants. We employed a novel implementation of a quantitative genetics method, rearing field-collected treehoppers on a sample of naturally-occurring replicated host plant clone lines. We found remarkably high signal-preference covariance among host plant genotypes. Thus, genetic variation in biotic environments influences the sexual phenotypes of organisms living on those environment in a way that promotes assortative mating among environments. This consequence arises from conditions likely to be common in nature (phenotypic plasticity and variation in biotic environments). It therefore offers a general answer to how divergent sexual selection may begin.
Data from: Female fecundity variation affects reproducibility of experiments on host plant preference and acceptance in a phytophagous insect
Reproducibility is a scientific cornerstone. Many recent studies, however, describe a reproducibility crisis and call for assessments of reproducibility across scientific domains. Here, we explore the reproducibility of a classic ecological experiment—that of assessing female host plant preference and acceptance in phytophagous insects, a group in which host specialization is a key driver of diversification. We exposed multiple cohorts of Pieris napi butterflies from the same population to traditional host acceptance and preference tests on three Brassicaceae host species. Whereas the host plant rank order was highly reproducible, the propensity to oviposit on low-ranked hosts varied significantly even among cohorts exposed to similar conditions. Much variation could be attributed to among-cohort variation in female fecundity, a trait strongly correlated both to female size and to the size of the nuptial gift a female receives during mating. Small males provide small spermatophores, and in our experiment small females that mated with small males had a disproportionally low propensity to oviposit on low-ranked hosts. Hence, our results provide empirical support to the theoretical prediction that female host utilization is strongly affected by non-genetic, environmental variation, and that such variation can affect the reproducibility of ecological experiments even under seemingly identical conditions.
Fig. 2 in Ancyrophora gracilis L , 1892 and Actinocephalus permagnus Wellmer, 1910 (Eugregarinorida: Apicomplexa) in natural populations of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) - hosts preferences, intensity and seasonal dynamic
Fig. 2. Mean density of Actinocephalus permagnus (AT) and Ancyrophora gracilis (AC) in relation to habitat. Circle – woodland, square – meadow, triangle – arable land
Feeding preference of Tuta absoluta on solanaceous host plants under field conditions
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Figure 2 in Host instars preference, density-dependent parasitism and behavioral perspective of parasitoids (Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae and Aphelinus abdominalis) in Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii
Figure 2: Parasitism percentage of parasitoids (Ad. colemani, Ad. matricariae and Al. abdominalis) on different host instars of (A) As. glycines (n= 30) and (B) As. gossypii (n= 30).
Figure 4 in Host instars preference, density-dependent parasitism and behavioral perspective of parasitoids (Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae and Aphelinus abdominalis) in Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii
Figure 4: Parasitism percentage of parasitoids (Ad. colemani, Ad. matricariae and Al. abdominalis) at different host density levels of (A) As. glycines and (B) As. gossypii. C1 (1:1) Control, C2 (10:1), C3 (50:5), C4 (100:10), C5 (200:20).
Figure 3 in Host instars preference, density-dependent parasitism and behavioral perspective of parasitoids (Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae and Aphelinus abdominalis) in Aphis glycines and Aphis gossypii
Figure 3: Comparison of parasitism of parasitoids (Ad. colemani, Ad. matricariae and Al. abdominalis) on different host density levels of (A) As. glycines and (B) As. gossypii. C1 (1:1) Control, C2 (10:1), C3 (50:5), C4 (100:10), C5 (200:20).
Data from: Preference for outbred host plants and positive effects of inbreeding on egg survival in a specialist herbivore
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Data from: Hoverfly preference for high honeydew amounts creates enemy-free space for aphids colonizing novel host plants
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Data from: Insect mating signal and mate preference phenotypes covary among host plant genotypes
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Data from: Female fecundity variation affects reproducibility of experiments on host plant preference and acceptance in a phytophagous insect
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Data from: Divergent host preferences of above- and below-ground Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and their hybrid offspring.
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FIGURE 4 in Geographic distribution, host preferences and molecular diversity within the genus Pentalonia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
FIGURE 4. Summary neighbor-joining tree of sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 for Pentalonia specimens, with host plant and geographic origin. Colored rectangles give a visual indication of host family (colors as in Figure 1). Numbers represent number of specimens represented by each host group within the major cluster (identified by letter 'A' through 'E'). Cluster 'A' corresponds to individuals identified as P. nigronervosa, cluster 'B', individuals identified as P. caladii.
FIGURE 3 in Geographic distribution, host preferences and molecular diversity within the genus Pentalonia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
FIGURE 3. Histogram of length (in mm) of distal rostral segment of Pentalonia specimens classified by host group.
FIGURE 1 in Geographic distribution, host preferences and molecular diversity within the genus Pentalonia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
FIGURE 1. Histogram of lengths (in mm) of distal rostral segments of Pentalonia specimens in museum collections, classified by aphid morph, showing the strongly bimodal distribution of rostral length in both morphs. Vertical dashed lines represent individuals of "lineage C" of Figure 4.
FIGURES 1–14. 1–7 in An enigma of Handianus Ribaut, 1942 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae Athysanini): identical host preferences and male calling signals in two morphologically distinctive sympatric species
FIGURES 1–14. 1–7―Handianus eurotiae, 8–14―H. fartilis. 1–2, 8–9―dorsal habitus, 3, 10―pygofer, ventral view, 4, 11―subgenital plates, valve, connective, styles, and aedeagus, dorsal view, 5, 12―aedeagus, lateral view, 6–7, 13–14―same, back view. 8―specimen from Saratov Oblast, 9―specimen from Astrakhan Oblast
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