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310 results for “host use”
Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
<p><span>Host-parasite dynamics involves coevolutionary arms races, commonly leading to host specialization. General understanding of evolutionary trajectories of specialization in brood parasites is compromised by restricted focus on bird and insect lineages. We studied host utilization and host specificity in a natural population of the cuckoo catfish (<em>Synodontis multipunctatus</em>) which is an obligate parasite of parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. On a sample of 779 host broods from 20 cichlid species, we detected four host species (with prevalence of parasitism of 2-18%). Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic (ddRAD sequencing) and mitochondrial (Dloop) data from cuckoo catfish embryos showed an absence of host-specific lineages, despite former indications of two morphological forms of the cuckoo catfish. This was corroborated by analyses of genetic structure and co-ancestry matrix. All host species were from the tribe Tropheini, maternal mouthbrooders that spawn over a substrate (rather than in open water). Parasitized host individuals carried smaller clutches (as cuckoo catfish prey on cichlid eggs), but did not differ in their body size or habitat use from non-parasitized conspecifics. We conclude that the cuckoo catfish is an intermediate generalist, selecting a subset of available cichlid species as hosts but not forming host-specific lineages. Brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish arose in a lineage which lacks any parental care and we discuss costs and benefits of host specialization in this species and brood parasites in general.</span></p>
Data from: A well-studied parasitoid fly of field crickets uses multiple alternative hosts in its introduced range
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Pollen chemical and mechanical defences restrict host-plant use by bees
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Mantidfly larvae use substrate-borne cues to locate and distinguish different sexes and life stages of potential spider hosts
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Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
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Host-pathogen protein interactions predicted using structure
<p>This dataset accompanies a manuscript describing a method to predict host-pathogen protein interactions using structure:</p> <p>Host-pathogen protein interactions predicted by comparative modeling.<br /> Davis FP, Barkan DT, Eswar N, McKerrow JH, Sali A. Protein Sci (2007) 16:2585-2596.<br /> http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi/doi/10.1110/ps.073228407</p> <p>The files contain predictions made for 10 human pathogens including species of Mycobacterium, Apicomplexa, and Kinetoplastida. The species.all.zip files contain all interactions predictions for each species along with the filter criteria that each interaction passed. The species.filter.zip files contains the same information, but only for the subset of interactions that passed the biological and network-level filters. These files can be viewed in any spreadsheet program, such as Excel.</p> <p> </p> <p>Predictions were made for interactions between human and </p> <ol> <li>Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mtuber</li> <li>Mycobacterium leprae: mleprae</li> <li>Leishmania major: lmajor</li> <li>Trypanosoma brucei: tbrucei</li> <li>Trypanosoma cruzi: tcruzi</li> <li>Cryptosporidium hominis: chominis</li> <li>Cryptosporidium parvum: cparvum</li> <li>Plasmodium falciparum: pfalciparum</li> <li>Plasmodium vivax: pvivax</li> <li>Toxoplasma gondii: tgondi</li> </ol>
First insights into population structure and genetic diversity versus host specificity in trypanorhynch tapeworms using multiplexed shotgun genotyping
<p>Theory predicts relaxed host specificity and high host vagility should contribute to reduced genetic structure in parasites while strict host specificity and low host vagility should increase genetic structure. Though these predictions are intuitive, they have never been explicitly tested in a population genomic framework. Trypanorhynch tapeworms, which parasitize sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) as definitive hosts, are the only order of elasmobranch tapeworms that exhibit considerable variability in their definitive host specificity. This allows for unique combinations of host use and geographic range, making trypanorhynchs ideal candidates for studying how these traits influence population-level structure and genetic diversity. Multiplexed shotgun genotyping (MSG) datasets were generated to characterize component population structure and infrapopulation diversity for a representative of each trypanorhynch suborder: the ray-hosted <em>Rhinoptericola megacantha</em> (Trypanobatoida) and the shark-hosted Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Trypanoselachoida). Adults of <em>R. megacantha</em> are more host-specific and less broadly distributed than adults of <em>C. gracilis</em>, allowing correlation between these factors and genetic structure. Replicate tapeworm specimens were sequenced from the same host individual, from multiple conspecific hosts within and across geographic regions, and from multiple definitive host species. For <em>R. megacantha</em>, population structure coincided with geography rather than host species. For <em>C. gracilis</em>, limited population structure was found, suggesting a potential link between degree of host specificity and structure. Conspecific trypanorhynchs from the same host individual were found to be as, or more, genetically divergent from one another as from conspecifics from different host individuals. For both species, high levels of homozygosity and positive FIS values were documented.</p>
Figure 6 in Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)
Figure 6 – Location of Tswalu Kalahari in southern Africa.
Data and code for: Host-use Drives Convergent Evolution in Clownfish
<p>This folder contains the following files:</p> <p>data/Alignments_WithOutgroups.tar.gz:<br> Contains the alignments of 10,720 genes with the sequences of the outgroup Pomacentrus moluccensis. The gene IDs correspond to the ID of the Amphiprion frenatus reference genome (Marcionetti et al., 2018; https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.nv1sv). The position of the gene on the Amphiprion percula chromosomes is also reported. For information on the methods and sample names, please refer to the publication. These alignments were used to infer the species tree with ASTRAL-III. Alignments for the genes selected with SortaDate and used for dating with BEAST are also available and are: chr04_g2455.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr05_g51486.t1.WithOutgroup.phychr05_g56452.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr08_g50086.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr09_g35092.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr09_g49030.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr10_g47484.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr11_g5494.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr11_g32313.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr12_g7961.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr12_g27572.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr12_g32580.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr13_g33152.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr15_g60485.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr16_g18013.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr17_g60288.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr22_g6154.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr22_g22141.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr22_g29206.t1.WithOutgroup.phy, chr23_g36756.t1.WithOutgroup.phy. </p> <p>data/DatedTree.WithOutgroup.tree:<br> BEAST2 output. The clownfish dated phylogenetic tree with the outgroup Pomacentrus moluccensis used for rooting. The tree was obtained with BEAST2, using 20 most informative genes. For each partition, we applied a GTR+ G site model and an uncorrelated relaxed clock with a lognormal distribution. A secondary calibration points was used, setting uniform prior from 10 to 18 MYA for the crown age of clownfishes. For more information on the methods, please refer to the publication. </p> <p><br>data/Example.DatFile.evolver.tar.gz: <br> Templates of the .dat files (MCcodonNSbranchsites.Shifts_to_Entacmaea.dat, MCcodonNSbranchsites.Shifts_to_Radianthus.dat) containing information to simulate sequences with evolver. The two .dat files were used to simulate sequences under different selection scenarios (no positive selection, convergent positive selection, positive selection on "long" or "clade" branches only) during the shifts to Entacmaeae or Radianthus hosts. The files were used with the scripts Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Entacmaea.py and Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Radianthus.py to generate .dat files for all the conditions, used then in evolver. For more information on the methods, please refer to the publication. </p> <p>data/DatFiles.Evolver.tar.gz<br> The .dat files that were obtained for the different omega and evolutionary scenarios, for shifts to Entacmaea and Radianthus hosts. The files are obtained with the template files (Example.DatFile.evolver.tar.gz) and the scripts Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Entacmaea.py and Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Radianthus.py. The resulting .dat files are run in evolver:</p> <p> evolverNSbranchsites 6 DAT_FILES.dat </p> <p> to obtain the codon alignment files to perform power and false positive rate analyses. For more information, please refer to the publication. </p> <p>data/Alignments_ProteinCodingGenes.tar.gz: <br> Contains the alignments of the 18,390 protein-coding genes analysed in the study. The gene IDs correspond to the ID of the Amphiprion frenatus reference genome (Marcionetti et al., 2018; https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.nv1sv). The position of the gene on the Amphiprion percula chromosomes is also reported. For information on the methods and sample names, please refer to the publication. These alignments were used to test for convergent positive selection occurring during host shifts. </p> <p>data/Example.ControlFiles.CodeML.tar.gz<br> It contains examples of the control files for the null model (no positive selection, H0), alternative model (positive selection, H1), and the site model M1a (used to verify the correct optimization of the null model). The final control files for each gene and condition (shift to Entacmaea or Readianthus host) were generated with the script Create_CTLFile_CodeML.py. </p> <p>data/LabelledTree.CodeML.tar.gz<br> Tree files used in codeml analyses, with shifts to Entacmaea labelled as foreground branches (ClownTree.Rooted.Label_Entacmaea.nwk, ClownTree.Rooted.Label_Entacmaea.NoLongBranches.nwk) and shifts to Radianthus labelled as foreground branches (ClownTree.Rooted.Label_Radianthus.nwk, ClownTree.Rooted.Label_Radianthus.NoLongBranches.nwk). The trees do or do not have the 3 "long branches" species (A. ocellaris, A. percula, P. biaculeatus). For more information, refer to the publication. An additional folder (Additional_labelled_trees_for_test_on_simulated_data.tar.gz) containg the trees with only specific species kept and labelled. These trees were used for codeml analyses on simulated alignments, to investigate false positives and power of the analyses. For more information, refer to the publication. </p> <p>data/SimulatedData_BranchSite_Results.tar.gz<br> It contains the results for the branch site model on the simulated data. Each file name reports the simulated scenario (Simulated without positive selection: Simulated_NO_PS_Entacmaea / Simulated_NO_PS_Radianthus; simulated convergent positive selection: Simulated_PS_Entacmaea / Simulated_PS_Radianthus; Simulated positive selection on long branches : Simulated_PS_LongBranches / Simulated_PS_Premnas; Simulated positive selection on "clade" branches: Simulated_PS_AKA / Simulated_PS_Ephi), as well as the tested scenario (Tested for positive selection: Tested_PS_Entacmaea / Tested_PS_Radianthus; or tested for positive selection on specific branches). Each file contains the information on the name of the original file, the simulated scenario, the tested scenario, the simulated omega, the replicate number, the log-likelihood of the tested model (site model: M1a, null model without positive selection: H0, alternative model with positive selection: H1), and the p-values associated to the likelihood-ratio test (LRT_pvalue). For more information, refer to the publication. </p> <p>data/EmpiricalData_BranchSite_Results.tar.gz<br> It contains the results for the branch site model for the 18,390 protein-coding genes tested in the study, for shifts to Entacmaea (Results.BranchSiteModel.Shifts_To_Entacmaea.txt, Results.BranchSiteModel.Shifts_To_Entacmaea.NoLongBranches.txt) and shifts to Radianthus hosts (Results.BranchSiteModel.Shifts_To_Radianthus.txt, Results.BranchSiteModel.Shifts_To_Radianthus.NoLongBranches.txt). Each file contains information on the chromosome information of the analyzed gene, the name of the gene, the log-likelihood of the M1a model (site model, used to verify the correct optimization of the null model), the log-likelihood of the null model (H0) and the alternative model (H1), and the p-values associated to the likelihood-ratio test (LRT_pvalue). These p-values were subsequentially corrected for multiple testing. For more information, refer to the publication. </p> <p>data/ASR_adult_host_4st.rds<br> It contains the results of reproductive host associations ancestral states reconstruction to the form of a list() R object. In the list $joint returns a tree with joint ancestral states (returns the most likely ancestral reproductive host association at nodes), $marginal returns a tree with the likelihood of each state at nodes, $simmap returns 100 stochastic maps of ancestral states along branches of the tree calculated over the marginal reconstruction, $map returns a map of ancestral states along branches estimated from the joint reconstruction.</p> <p>data/Absolute_host_assoc.tar.gz<br> It contains description of the sources used for characterizing host associations for each species of clownfish. For each species, we provide a list of pictures used from public citizen science databases with associated urls and additional published references if used. reprod_host.csv contains our final classification of reproductive host associations.</p> <p>data/DEC.tar.gz<br> It contains files used for the biogeographic reconstruction (areas_adjacency_clowns.txt, areas_clowns.txt, calibrated_tree.tre, distances.txt, geo_col.txt) and results of the biogeographic reconstruction. geo_obj.rds is a R object containing the joint reconstruction of ancestral biogeographic states formatted for being used in phylogenetic comparative methods analyses. list_geo_obj.rds is a list of a 100 similar objects generated from stochastic maps of ancestral biogeographic states.</p> <p>data/phenotype.tar.gz<br> It contains results of clownfish individuals phenotyping. Within each file, the first column is the name of the species identified from the picture. morph_pca.csv contains results of the pca analysis performed on the procrustes of clownfish individuals. morph_traits.csv contains traits values calculated from the prcrustes of clownfish individuals. colorRGB.csv contains results of the pca analysis performed on the concatenated red green and blue channels of each clownfish image. colorWOB.csv contains results of the pca analyses performed independantly on white, orange and black channels. columns with names ending with W represent pca axis generated from white channel (O: orange channel, B: black channel)</p> <p>scripts/Create_CTLFile_CodeML.py: <br> Script used to generate the codeml control files for codeml analyses (simulated data or empirical data). The scripts needs the path to the folder were the codon alignments (see Alignments_ProteinCodingGenes.tar.gz or Alignments created for simulations) are found, the path were the output file are gonna be written; the path to the alignment, tree file and output as they will be written in the control file; the output suffix. </p> <p> python Create_CTLFile_CodeML.py PATH/to/Alignments/ PATH/to/out/CTL_files/ alignment_in_ctlFile tree_in_ctlFile path_to_output_in_ctlFile Output_Suffix</p> <p> This produces the control files of the null model (H0, no positive selection) and alternative model (H1, positive selection), that can be run with codeml</p> <p> codeml CONTROL_FILE.ctl </p> <p> to obtain the results. This was done using the tree with shifts to Ratianthus or Entacmaea as foreground branches (see LabelledTree.CodeML.tar.gz). This was also performed on real data or simulated data. For more information, refer to the publication. </p> <p><br>scripts/Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Entacmaea.py<br>scripts/Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Radianthus.py<br> Scripts used to generate the .dat files for evolver simulations. The scripts need the template .dat files (provided in Example.DatFile.evolver.tar.gz) and the information of the path where to save the resulting .dat files:</p> <p> python Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Entacmaea.py MCcodonNSbranchsites.Shifts_to_Entacmaea.dat Out_dat_files_Entacmaeae/</p> <p> python Create_DATFile_Evolved.Shift_to_Radianthus.py MCcodonNSbranchsites.Shifts_to_Radianthus.dat Out_dat_files_Radianthus/</p> <p> The .dat files obtained are then run in evolver to generate the simulated alignments:</p> <p> evolverNSbranchsites 6 DAT_FILES.dat </p> <p> The simulated alignments and tree were then used in codeml to evaluate power and false positive rate of positive selection analyes. The file Create_CTLFile_CodeML.py was used to create control files and control files were run with codeml. For more information, refer to the publication. </p> <p>scripts/ASR_adult_host.R<br> Script used to perform the ancestral state reconstruction of reproductive host assocication. It uses data/Absolute_host_assoc/reprod_host.csv and data/BEAST2.DatedTree.WithOutgroup.tree and outputs the data/ASR_adult_host_4st.rds file. It requires the instalation of a few R packages ("ape", "igraph", "mvMORPH", "scales", "sda", "TeachingDemos","png", "corHMM","phytools") that can be installed with the function (install.packages("package-name"))</p> <p> Rscript scripts/ASR_adult_host.R</p> <p>scipts/BGB_fit.R<br> Script used to perform the ancestral state reconstruction of biogeographic region. It uses data embeded into data/DEC.tar.gz and outputs data/geo_obj.rds and data/list_geo_obs.rds. It requires the instalation of a few R packages ("ape","BioGeoBEARS", "GenSA", "FD", "snow", "parallel","cladoRcpp","rexpokit") that can be installed with the function (install.packages("package-name")).</p> <p> Rscript scripts/BGB_fit.R</p> <p>scripts/PCM_fit.R<br> Script used to perform the phylogenetic comparative analyses. It uses data embeded into the data folder. First part performs multivariate phylogenetic anova. Second part performs model testing and parameter estimations using multivariate and univariate datasets and ancestral state reconstruction joint maps. Third part performs model testing and parameter estimations using multivariate and univariate datasets and 100 stochastic maps from marginal ancestral state reconstructions. Results are saved into .rds files. It requires the instalation of a few R packages ("ape", "phytools", "mvMORPH", "RPANDA", "geiger","OUwie") that can be installed with the function (install.packages("package-name")).</p> <p> Rscript scripts/PCM_fit.R</p> <p>scripts/manova_var.R<br> Script used to estimate uncertainties on the mANOVA that are due to intraspecific variation. It uses data embeded into the data folder. Results are saved into .rds files. It requires the instalation of a few R packages ("ape", "phytools", "mvMORPH", "RPANDA", "geiger","OUwie") that can be installed with the function (install.packages("package-name")).</p> <p> Rscript scripts/manova_var.R</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Raw data for the article: Successful Use of Heterologous CMV-Reactive T Lymphocyte to Treat Severe Refractory Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in a Liver Transplanted Patient: Correlation of the Host Antiviral Immune Reconstitution with CMV Viral Load and CMV miRNome
<p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most significant viral infection in hosts with compromised immune systems as solid organ transplant patients. Despite significant progress being made in the prevention of CMV disease in these patients, further therapeutic strategies for CMV disease and for the CMV reactivation prevention are needed. Here, we describe the outcome of the infusion of in vitro expanded CMV-reactive T-cells, taken from a healthy CMV-seropositive donor, in a liver-transplanted recipient with a refractory recurrent CMV. In this particular case, adoptive transfer of allogenic CMV-reactive T-lymphocytes resulted in the clearance of CMV infection and resolution of the pathological manifestations of the patient. In the study we also investigated circulating miRNAs, both cellular and viral, as potential biomarkers during the course of CMV infection. The results indicate that the infusion of allogenic CMV-reactive T-cells can be an effective strategy to treat CMV infection recurrence when the generation of autologous virus specific T cell clones is not possible.</p>
Dataset for the manuscript: Modelling the within-host spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the subsequent immune response, using a hybrid, multiscale, individual-based model. Part I: Macrophages.
<p>Dataset for the manuscript:</p> <p>Modelling the within-host spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the subsequent immune response, using a hybrid, multiscale, individual-based model. Part I: Macrophages. preprint, bioRxiv, 2022. DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.06.490883</p> <p>Each zip file contains the raw computational data (as a gzip compressed tarball), YAML input files, as well as Python plotting scripts. The Python plotting scripts have dependencies on the packages: <em>tarfile</em>, <em>multiprocessing</em>, <em>numpy</em>, <em>scipy</em>, and <em>matplotlib</em>. Note that the Python plotting scripts plot directly from the gzip compressed tarballs.</p> <p>The corresponding code can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/Ruth-Bowness-Group/CAModel</p>
Theoretical Design and Synthesis of Metal-Inorganic Frameworks Using Host Atom-Centered Building Blocks for Efficient Catalysis with Diverse Reactive Sites
<p><strong>ML_ABN</strong> is a necessary file for training machine learning potentials using VASP. It contains the structural details and energies of the training set. <strong>ML_FFN</strong> is the force field file obtained after training. <strong>Test_DataSet.zip</strong> contains the test set with 900 structures, and <strong>Test_DataSet_Energy.xlsx</strong> stores the energies of these structures after being evaluated by DFT.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in chemical defence allows butterflies to diversify host use strategies
<p>Hostplant specialization is a major force driving ecological niche partitioning and diversification in insect herbivores. The cyanogenic defences of Passiflora plants keeps most herbivores at bay, but not larvae of Heliconius butterflies, which can both sequester and biosynthesize cyanogenic compounds. Here, we demonstrate that both Heliconius cydno chioneus, a host plant generalist, and H. melpomene rosina, a specialist, have remarkable plasticity in their chemical defence. When feeding on Passiflora species with cyanogenic compounds they can readily sequester, both species downregulate the biosynthesis of these compounds. In contrast, when fed on Passiflora plants that do not contain cyanogenic glucosides that can be sequestered, both species increase biosynthesis. This biochemical plasticity comes at a significant fitness cost for specialist like H. m. rosina, as growth rates for this species negatively correlate with biosynthesis levels, but not for a generalist like H. c. chioneus. In exchange, H. m rosina has increased performance when sequestration is possible as on its specialised hostplant. In summary, phenotypic plasticity in biochemical responses to different host plants offers these butterflies the ability to widen their range of potential host within the Passiflora genus, while maintaining their chemical defences.</p>
Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)
<p>Previous work, using morphological characters, identified a generalist copepod parasite (<i>Pharodes tortugensis</i>) at high prevalence on two common gobies (C<i>oryphopterus glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. dicrus</i>) in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). DNA barcoding subsequently revealed <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> to be three morphologically similar species (<i>C. glaucofraenum</i>, <i>C. venezuelae</i> and <i>C. tortugae</i>), casting doubt on host identities in the BVI and the classification of the parasite as a single species. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 67 gobies in the BVI showed that, in addition to <i>C. dicrus</i>, host gobies were a mix of <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. venezuelae,</i> while <i>C. tortugae</i> was unexpectedly absent from the study area. COI data (n = 70) indicated that the copepod infecting all three hosts was a single species, almost certainly <i>P. tortugensis</i>. The pharodes–coryphopterus interaction has a strong impact on host dynamics in the BVI, and a revised understanding of these dynamics must account for any differences among the three newly confirmed hosts in transmission of, and susceptibility to, the shared parasite. No other infected hosts were discovered at our sites, but <i>P. tortugensis</i> is reportedly widespread and infects 12 additional host species elsewhere. Further DNA barcoding is thus needed to test whether <i>P. tortugensis</i> is truly a widespread generalist, or instead represents a group of more specialized cryptic species.</p>
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant reduces viral burden in a native insect herbivore
<p>Incorporation of exotic plants into the diets of native herbivores is a common phenomenon, influencing interactions with natural enemies and providing insight into the tritrophic costs and benefits of dietary expansion. We evaluated how use of an exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em>, impacted immune performance, development, and susceptibility to pathogen infection in the neotropical herbivore<em> Anartia jatrophae</em> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Caterpillars were reared on <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native plant, <em>Bacopa monnieri</em>, and experimentally infected with a pathogenic virus, Junonia coenia densovirus. We found that virus-challenged herbivores exhibited higher survival rates and lower viral burdens when reared on <em>P. lanceolata</em> compared to <em>B. monnieri</em>, though immune performance and development time were largely similar on the two plants. These findings reveal that use of an exotic plant can impact the vulnerability of a native herbivore to pathogen infection, suggesting diet-mediated protection against disease as a potential mechanism facilitating the incorporation of novel resources.</p>
Patterns of host plant use do not explain mushroom body expansion in Heliconiini butterflies
<p>The selective pressures leading to the elaboration of downstream, integrative processing centres, such as the mammalian neocortex or insect mushroom bodies, are often unclear. In <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies, the mushroom bodies are three to four times larger than their Heliconiini, and the largest known in Lepidoptera. Heliconiini lay almost exclusively on <em>Passiflora</em>, which exhibit a remarkable diversity of leaf shape, and it has been suggested that the mushroom body expansion of <em>Heliconius</em> may have been driven by the cognitive demands of recognising and learning the leaf shapes of local host plants. We test this hypothesis using two complementary methods: i) phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether variation in mushroom body size is associated with the morphological diversity of host plants exploited across the Heliconiini; and ii) shape learning experiments using six Heliconiini species. We found that variation in the range of leaf morphologies used by Heliconiini was not associated with mushroom body volume. Similarly, we find interspecific differences in shape learning ability, but <em>Heliconius</em> are not overall better shape learners than other Heliconiini. Together these results suggest that the visual recognition and learning of host plants was not a main factor driving the diversity of mushroom body size in this tribe.</p>
Delimiting the cryptic diversity and host preferences of Sycophila parasitoid wasps associated with oak galls using phylogenomic data
<p>Cryptic species diversity is a major challenge for the species-rich community of parasitoids attacking oak gall wasps due to a high degree of sexual dimorphism, morphological plasticity, small size, and poorly known biology. As such, we know very little about the number of species present, nor the evolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity. One hypothesis is that trait diversity in the gall wasps, including the morphology of the galls they induce, has evolved in response to selection imposed by the parasitoid community, with reciprocal selection driving diversification of the parasitoids. Using a rare, continental-scale data set of <em>Sycophila</em> parasitoid wasps reared from 44 species of cynipid galls from 18 species of oak across the US, we combined mitochondrial DNA barcodes, Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs), morphological, and natural history data to delimit putative species. Using these results, we generate the first large-scale assessment of ecological specialization and host association in this species-rich group, with implications for evolutionary ecology and biocontrol. We find most <em>Sycophila</em> target specific subsets of available cynipid host galls with similar morphologies, and generally attack larger galls. Our results suggest that parasitoid wasps such as <em>Sycophila</em> have adaptations allowing them to exploit particular host trait combinations, while hosts with contrasting traits are resistant to attack. These findings support the tritrophic niche concept for the structuring of plant-herbivore-parasitoid communities.</p>
The Use of Etanercept Enbrel as Sole Treatment for Grade I Acute Graft Versus Host Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00726375. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Integrating host use and dispersal ability with species delimitation to unravel a cryptic radiation of photosynthetic sea slugs
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Data from: Use of an exotic host plant reduces viral burden in a native insect herbivore
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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