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679 results for “intraspecific variation”
Data from: Dorsoventral comparison of intraspecific variations in the butterfly wing pattern using a convolutional neural network
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Data for: Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions
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Data from: Intraspecific variation in metabolic responses of a cool water fish to increasing temperatures
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Mussel bed community data for: Intraspecific variation in a marine predator changes intertidal community through effects on a foundation species
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Data from: Patterns of intraspecific variation through ontogeny–a case study of the Cretaceous nautilid Eutrephoceras dekayi and modern Nautilus pompilius
<p>The magnitude and ontogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation can provide important insights into the evolution and development of organisms. Understanding the intraspecific variation of organisms is a key to correctly pursuing studies in major fields of palaeontology. However, intraspecific variation has been largely overlooked in ectocochleate cephalopods, particularly nautilids. Furthermore, little is known regarding the evolutionary pattern. Here, we present morphological data for the Cretaceous nautilid <i>Eutrephoceras dekayi</i> (Morton, 1834) and the modern nautilid <i>Nautilus</i> <i>pompilius </i>Linnaeus, 1758<i> </i>through ontogeny. The data are used to describe the change of conch morphology and to elucidate the evolutionary patterns of intraspecific variation. We discovered the presence of morphological changes at hatching and maturity, which is shared in every conch parameter in <i>E. dekayi</i> and <i>N. pompilius</i>. We also found that intraspecific variation is high in early ontogeny in both taxa, followed by various patterns in later ontogeny. The high variation in early ontogeny may imply their flexibility of changing the timing of growth events, which may have played an important role in nautilid evolutioin. We assume that the decrease in variation in later ontogeny may indicate developmental constraints. Lastly, we compared the similarity/dissimilarity of ontogenetic patterns of variation between taxa. Results reveal that the similarity/dissimilarity of the ontogenetic pattern differs between <i>E. dekayi</i> and <i>N. pompilius</i>. We conclude that this shift in the ontogenetic pattern of variation may be rooted in changes in the developmental program of nautilids through time. We propose that studying ontogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation can provide new insights into the evolution and development of organisms. </p>
Data from: Hurricanes overcome migration lag and shape intraspecific genetic variation beyond a poleward mangrove range limit
<p>Expansion of many tree species lags behind climate-change projections. Extreme storms can rapidly overcome this lag, especially for coastal species, but how will storm-driven expansion shape intraspecific genetic variation? Do storms provide recruits only from the nearest sources, or from more distant sources? Answers to these questions have ecological and evolutionary implications, but empirical evidence is absent from the literature. Hurricane Irma provided an opportunity to address this knowledge gap at the northern range limit of the neotropical black mangrove (<i>Avicennia germinans</i>) on the Atlantic coast of Florida, USA. We observed massive post-hurricane increases in beach-stranded <i>A. germinans</i> propagules at, and past, this species' present-day range margin when compared to a previously-surveyed, non-hurricane year. Yet, propagule dispersal does not guarantee subsequent establishment and reproductive success (i.e., effective dispersal). We also evaluated prior effective dispersal along this coastline with isolated <i>A. germinans</i> trees identified beyond the most northern established population. We used 12 nuclear microsatellite loci to genotype hurricane-driven drift propagules from nine sites (n = 896 propagules) and isolated trees from four sites (n = 10 trees), determined their sources of origin, and estimated dispersal distances. Almost all drift propagules and all isolated trees came from the nearest sources. This research suggests that hurricanes are a prerequisite for poleward range expansion of a coastal tree species and that storms can shape the expanding gene pool by providing almost exclusively range-margin genotypes. These insights and empirical estimates of hurricane-driven dispersal distances should improve our ability to forecast distributional shifts of coastal species.</p>
Data from: Along with intraspecific functional trait variation, individual performance is key to resolving community assembly processes
<ol> <li>Species contributing high proportions to community biomass strongly influence ecosystem processes within the community. Studies have shown that dominant species may serve as nurse plants, helping to ensure biomass stability of the subordinate species under stress conditions. The question is widely debated as to whether either niche differentiation or neutral processes drive the net outcome of plant interactions within a subordinate plant community. To answer this question, requires precise estimates of individual variation in functional traits and performance.</li> <li>In a five-year mesocosm experiment, the functional responses of a subordinate plant community to the removal of the dominant species were evaluated across two drought-stress scenarios. Small scale (i.e., large pots) wetland communities were constructed comprising one dominant species (Carex elata) and three subordinate species. Removal of the dominant species allowed evaluation of the net effects of drought and interspecific interactions. We estimated the functional divergences for three traits (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and height growth allocation) and compared these with performance differences quantified individually. This enabled distinctions to be made between deterministic (i.e., niche differentiation) and neutral processes driving the drought response of the subordinate community.</li> <li>We showed that the dominant species decreased relative performance differences within the subordinate plant community under conditions of permanent drought stress. These changes were associated with the convergence of traits related to resource acquisition and growth. The dominant species equalised species performance differences by supressing relatively drought-tolerant species with low competitive ability and by supporting the less drought-tolerant species with relatively high competitive ability. Meanwhile, under conditions of interannual drought, the subordinate species likely coexisted due to differentiation in resource-use strategies and the interaction with the dominant species.</li> <li>Inclusion of individual variation in performance with a functional trait approach provides valuable insights into the processes structuring plant communities. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that subordinate species exposed to drought may coexist via neutral processes arising from their interactions with the dominant species, leading to functional convergence of traits associated with the trade-off between stress tolerance and competitive ability.</li> </ol>
Data and R code for The Finer Points of Urban Adaptation: Intraspecific Variation in Lizard Claw Morphology (2020; Biological Journal of the Linnean Society)
<p>This zip file contains all data (tps files, Rdata, csv) and annotated R script to conduct all analyses presented in Falvey et al. (2020, BJLS), which examines claw morphology in 5 species of anole lizards using geometric morphometrics.</p>
Data for: Intraspecific variation in responses to aposematic prey in a jumping spider (Phidippus regius)
<p>Aposematic signals often allow chemically defended prey to avoid attack from generalist predators, including jumping spiders. However, not all individual predators in a population behave in the same way. Here, in laboratory trials, we document that most individual <em>Phidippus regius</em> jumping spiders attack and reject chemically defended milkweed bugs (<em>Oncopeltus fasciatus</em>), immediately releasing them unharmed. However, a small number of individuals within the population kill and completely consume these presumably toxic prey items. This phenomenon was infrequent with only 14% of our sample (17/122) consuming the milkweed bugs over the course of the study. Individuals that killed and consumed bugs often did so repeatedly; specifically, individuals that consumed a bug in their first test were more likely to kill a bug in their second test and also tended to consume them again. We explored what might drive some (but not all) individuals to consume these bugs and found that neither sex, sexual maturity, body size, laboratory housing type, nor being wild‐caught or being laboratory‐reared, predicted milkweed bug consumption. Consuming bugs had no negative effects on spider mass or body condition; contrary to expectations, individuals that consumed milkweed bugs actually gained more body mass and increased in body condition. We discuss potential behavioural and physiological variation between individuals that may drive these rare behaviours and the implications for the evolution of prey defences.</p>
Intraspecific genomic variation and local adaptation in a young hybrid species
<p>Hybridization increases genetic variation, hence hybrid species may have greater evolutionary potential once their admixed genomes have stabilized and incompatibilities have been purged. Yet, little is known about how such hybrid lineages evolve at the genomic level following their formation, in particular their adaptive potential. Here we investigate how the Italian sparrow (<i>Passer italiae</i>), a homoploid hybrid species, has evolved and locally adapted to its variable environment. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) on several populations across the Italian peninsula, we evaluate how genomic constraints and novel genetic variation have influenced population divergence and adaptation. We show that population divergence within this hybrid species has evolved in response to climatic variation, suggesting ongoing local adaptation. As found previously in other non-hybrid species, climatic differences appear to increase population differentiation. We also report strong population divergence in a gene known to affect beak morphology. Most of the strongly divergent loci among Italian sparrow populations do not seem to be differentiated between its parent species, the house and Spanish sparrows. Unlike in the hybrid, population divergence within each of the parental taxa has occurred mostly at loci with high allele frequency difference between the parental species, suggesting that novel combinations of parental alleles in the hybrid have not necessarily enhanced its evolutionary potential. Rather, our study suggests that constraints linked to incompatibilities may have restricted the evolution of this admixed genome, both during and after hybrid species formation.</p>
The correlates of intraspecific variation in nest height and nest building duration in the Eurasian blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus
<p>Birds build nests primarily as a receptacle to lay their eggs in, but they can also provide secondary benefits including structural support, camouflage, and adjustment of the microclimate surrounding the eggs and offspring. The factors underlying intraspecific variation in nest characteristics are poorly understood. In this study, we aim to identify the environmental factors that predict nest height variation and the duration of nest building in blue tits (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>), evaluating latitude, elevation, temperature, and the timing of egg-laying as predictors of nest height, while also taking into account female and male parental identity. Using 713 nest height observations collected over a period of five years along a 220km transect in Scotland, we found that if the annual mean timing of egg-laying was earlier, nests were taller. However, there was no correlation between nest height and elevation, latitude, the minimum temperature in the 14 days pre-egg-laying or the phenology of birds within a year. Female parental identity accounted for a large amount of variation in nest height, suggesting that individual behaviour has an influence on nest structure. We also found that nest building duration was shorter in years when egg laying occurred earlier in the year, and that across all observations taller nests took longer to build. Overall, our results show that blue tits are able to alter their nest characteristics based on conditions environmental gradients like latitude (in the case of building duration) and the annual mean phenological variation timing of egg laying, and that birds build relatively taller nests faster.</p>
Data from: Phenotype-environment matching predicts both positive and negative effects of intraspecific variation
Natural populations can vary considerably in their genotypic and/or phenotypic diversity. Differences in this intraspecific diversity can have important consequences for contemporary ecological dynamics, but the direction and magnitude of these effects appear inconsistent across studies and systems. Here we proposed and tested the hypothesis that context-dependent ecological effects of altering phenotypic variance are predictable and arise from the relationship between a population's mean phenotype and the local environmental optimum. By factorially manipulating the mean and variance of a key host trait in environments with and without a lethal parasite, we demonstrate that increasing phenotypic variance can have beneficial effects for host populations (e.g. smaller disease epidemics), but only when the population's initial phenotype was poorly-matched to the local environment. When phenotypes were initially well-suited to environmental conditions, in contrast, greater phenotypic variance led to larger disease epidemics. Significant reductions in individual susceptibility occurred in both contexts over time, but the mechanisms leading to those reductions differed; strong selection was caused by either a 'suboptimal' trait mean and insufficient trait variance, or a 'near-optimal' trait mean and too much trait variance. Increasing intraspecific variation is clearly not always beneficial for populations, instead producing predictable ecological and evolutionary effects that depend on environmental context and biological interactions.
Intraspecific variation in surface water uptake in a perennial desert shrub
<ol> <li class="p1">Despite broad recognition that water is a major limiting factor in arid ecosystems, we lack an empirical understanding of how this resource is shared and distributed among neighboring plants. Intraspecific variability can further contribute to this variation via divergent life-history traits, including root architecture. We investigated these questions in the shrub <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> and hypothesized that the ability to access and utilize surface water varies among subspecies and cytotypes.</li> <li class="p1">We used an isotope tracer to quantify belowground zone of influence in <i>A. tridentata</i>, and tested if spatial neighborhood characteristics can alter plant water uptake. We introduced deuterium-enriched water to the soil in plant interspaces in a common-garden experiment and measured deuterium composition of plant stems. We then applied spatially-explicit models to test for differential water uptake by <i>A. tridentata</i>, including intermingled populations of three subspecies and two ploidy levels. </li> <li class="p1">The results suggest that lateral root functioning <i>in A. tridentata</i> is associated with intraspecific identity and ploidy level. Subspecies adapted to habitats with deep soils generally had a smaller horizontal reach, and polyploid cytotypes were associated with greater water uptake compared to their diploid variants. We also found that plant crown volume was a weak predictor of water uptake, and that neighborhood crowding had no discernable effect on water uptake. </li> <li class="p1">Intraspecific variation in lateral root functioning can lead to differential patterns of resource acquisition, an essential process in arid ecosystems in the contexts of changing climate and seasonal patterns of precipitation. Altogether, we found that lateral root development and activity is more strongly related to genetic variability within <i>A. tridentata</i> than to plant size. Our study highlights how intraspecific variation in life strategies is linked to mechanisms of resource acquisition.</li> </ol>
Data and scripts for "Joint species-trait distribution modelling: The role of intraspecific trait variation in community assembly"
<p>The README explains how to reproduce the analyses presented in the paper <strong>"Joint species-trait distribution modelling: The role of intraspecific trait variation in community assembly"</strong> by Abrego et al.</p> <p>The input data for the script pipeline is the file “Kilpisjarvi_plant_data.csv”. This file includes the data on the plants and their traits in the long format. Hence, each row of the data matrix corresponds to measurements on one plant species in one study plot. The joint species-trait distribution modelling (JSTDM) pipeline that analyses these data consists of the following R-scripts.</p> <p>· <strong>S1_define_JSTDM_models.R</strong>. This script defines the JSDTM models (null model and environmental model) that include five response types for each species: the presence-absence, abundance conditional on presence, and the plot-level trait values of specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area (LA) and mean height (MH). The model is defined in the Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities (HMSC) framework utilizing the R-package Hmsc. The models are saved in the file “unfitted_models.RData”.</p> <p>· <strong>S2_fit_models.R. </strong>This script loads the unfitted models and fits them using the posterior sampling methods implemented in the R-package Hmsc. The models are fitted with increasing thinning until thin=100, which value was used to generate the results of the paper. The fitted models are saved in the file "models_thin_100_samples_250_chains_4.Rdata".</p> <p>· <strong>S3_plot_Omega_matrices.R. </strong>This script loads the fitted models and plots the association matrices (Fig. 2 of the paper). The csv file containing the values used to construct Fig. 2 is also given (figure2Cdata.csv and figure2Ddata.csv).</p> <p>· <strong>S4_show_VP_Beta_Gamma.R. </strong>This script loads the fitted models and extracts information on the variance partitionings (VP; Figs. S3 and S4 of the paper), the relationships between response types and environmental predictors (beta; Fig. S2 of the paper), and the relationships between response types and species-level traits (gamma; Fig. S5 of the paper). The csv file containing the values used to construct Fig. S2 (figureS2Adata.csv and figureS2Bdata.csv), Fig. S3 (figureS3data.csv), Fig. S4 (figureS4data.csv) and Fig S5 (figureS5data.csv) are also given.</p> <p>· <strong>S5_conditional_cross_validation.R</strong>. This script performs 10-fold cross validation to the data to test the predictive power related to the modelled plant traits. The script performs both regular (unconditional) cross-validation where all data are masked for the test fold, and conditional cross-validation where only the trait data (but not the abundance data) are masked for the test fold.</p> <p>· <strong>S6_show_conditional_cross_validation_results.R. </strong>This script plots the results of cross-validation (Fig. 3 of the paper). The csv file containing the values used to construct Fig. 3 is also given (figure3Adata.csv and figure3Bdata.csv).</p> <p>· <strong>S7_scenario_predictions.R</strong>. This script performs the scenario simulations described and shown in Fig. 4 of the paper. The csv file containing the values used to construct Fig. 4 is also given (figure4Bdata.csv and figure4Cdata.csv).</p>
Data from: Intraspecific leaf trait variation mediates edge effects on litter decomposition rate in fragmented forests
<p>There is strong trait dependence in species-level responses to environmental change and their cascading effects on ecosystem functioning. However, there is little understanding of whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can also be an important mechanism mediating environmental effects on ecosystem functioning. This is surprising, given that global change processes such as habitat fragmentation and the creation of forest edges drive strong trait shifts within species. On 20 islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, we quantified intraspecific leaf trait shifts of a widely distributed shrub species, <em>Vaccinium carlesii</em>, in response to habitat fragmentation. Using a reciprocal transplant decomposition experiment between forest edge and interior on 11 islands with varying areas, we disentangled the relative effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation vs. altered environmental conditions on leaf decomposition rates in forest fragments. We found strong intraspecific variation in leaf traits in response to edge effects, with a shift towards recalcitrant leaves with low specific leaf area and high leaf dry matter content from forest interior to the edge. Using structural equation modelling, we showed that such intraspecific leaf trait response to habitat fragmentation had translated into significant plant afterlife effects on leaf decomposition, leading to decreased leaf decomposition rates from the forest interior to the edge. Importantly, the effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation were additive to and stronger than the effects from local environmental changes due to edge effects and habitat loss. Our experiment provides the first quantitative study showing that intraspecific leaf trait response to edge effects is an important driver of the decrease in leaf decomposition rate in fragmented forests. By extending the trait-based response-effect framework towards the individual level, intraspecific variation in leaf economics traits can provide the missing functional link between environmental change and ecological processes. These findings suggest an important area for future research on incorporating ITV to understand and predict changes in ecosystem functioning in the context of global change.</p>
Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning
<p>The data and code provided here is used to analyze and visualize all data associated with the manuscript "Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning" which is under review at L&O Letters and is authored by Patrick K. Thomas, Marrit Jacob, Esteben Acevedo-Trejos, Helmut Hillebrand, and Maren Striebel.</p> <p>Data should be analyzed in R or R studio. The code should execute automatically with no modifications by the user as long as the four csv files are placed in the same working directory that R is set to. The R project (.Rproj) file may also be opened directly to create an R project that is automatically set to the correct directory.</p> <p>ABSTRACT:<br>Biodiversity generally increases productivity in ecosystems; however, this is mediated by the specific functional traits that come with biodiversity loss or gain and how these traits interact with environmental conditions. Most biodiversity studies evaluate effects of species richness alone, despite our increasing understanding that intraspecific diversity can have equally strong impacts. Here, we manipulate both species richness and intraspecific richness (i.e., number of distinct strains) in marine diatom communities to explicitly test the relative importance of species and strain richness for biomass and trait diversity in six distinct temperature/nutrient environments. We show that species and strain richness both have significant effects on biomass and growth rates, but more importantly they interact with each other, indicating that cross-species diversity effects depend on within-species diversity and vice versa. This intertwined relationship thus calls for more integrative approaches quantifying the relative importance of distinct biodiversity components and environmental context on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Intraspecific variation in plant economic traits predicts trembling aspen resistance to a generalist insect herbivore
<p>Patterns of trait expression within some plant species have recently been shown to follow patterns described by the leaf economics spectrum paradigm. Resistance to herbivores is also expected to covary with leaf economics traits. We selected multiple mature <em>Populus tremuloides</em> genotypes from a common garden to assess whether aspen leaf economics patterns follow those observed among species globally. We also evaluated leaf economics strategies in the context of insect resistance by conducting bioassays to determine the effects of plant traits on preference and performance of <em>Lymantria dispar. </em>We found that: 1) intraspecific trait patterns of <em>P. tremuloides</em> parallel those exhibited by the interspecific leaf economics spectrum, 2) herbivores preferred leaves from genotypes with resource-acquisitive strategies, and 3) herbivores also performed best on genotypes<em> </em>with resource-acquisitive strategies. We conclude that a leaf economics spectrum that incorporates defense traits is a useful tool for explaining intraspecific patterns of variation in plant strategies, including resistance to herbivores.</p>
Data for: Substantial intraspecific trait variation across a hydrological gradient in northern Australian fishes
<p>Trait-based models of ecological communities and ecosystem functioning often fail to account for intraspecific variation in functional traits, <span>assuming that intraspecific variability is negligible compared to interspecific variability</span>. However, this assumption remains poorly tested across vertebrate animals where past studies routinely describe species according to mean trait values without explicit consideration of individual trait variability. We assessed nine functional traits for 4,254 individuals belonging to 15 freshwater fish species from 11 families in Northern Australia, including: body elongation, body shape, caudal peduncle throttle, eye size, eye position, gape shape, gape size, mouth position and pectoral fin length. We quantified the extent and geography of intraspecific trait variability and its relationship with riverine hydrologic regimes using a structured sampling design. Using a combination of single- and multi-trait analyses, we demonstrate that intraspecific trait variability can contribute up to 70% of the total trait variability depending on the attribute considered and averaged 31% across all traits. The magnitude of intraspecific trait variability also varied across the hydrological permanency gradient. Fish assemblages in intermittent streams subjected to frequent environmental disturbance had high intraspecific trait variability, most likely due to strong abiotic filters limiting interspecific divergence. Conversely, assemblages in perennial rivers with less harsh environmental filters but with a larger pool of species expressed lower intraspecific trait variability: this is most likely due to stronger resource competition (biotic filter), which promotes specialization of resource use and, consequently, interspecific divergence. Our study provides the first evidence of intraspecific trait variability driven by a disturbance gradient for an animal group and points to the need for additional research into the functional importance of intraspecific variability in animal ecology. A better understanding of the patterns, drivers, and implications of intraspecific trait variability will help guide mechanistic-based predictions of the effects of environmental changes on community assemblage and ecosystem processes.</p>
Intraspecific trait variation alters the outcome of competition in freshwater ciliates
<p>Trait variation among heterospecific and conspecific organisms may substantially affect community and food web dynamics. While the relevance of competition and feeding traits have been widely studied for different consumer species, studies on intraspecific differences are more scarce, partly owing to difficulties in distinguishing different clones of the same species. Here, we investigate how intraspecific trait variation affects the competition between the freshwater ciliates <i>Euplotes octocarinatus</i> and <i>Coleps hirtus</i> in a nitrogen-limited chemostat system. The ciliates competed for the microalgae <i>Cryptomonas</i> sp. (<i>Cry</i>) and <i>Navicula pelliculosa</i> (<i>Nav</i>), and the bacteria present in the cultures over a period of 33 days. We used monoclonal <i>Euplotes</i> and three different <i>Coleps</i> clones (<i>Col</i> 1, <i>Col</i> 2, <i>Col</i> 3) in the experiment that could be distinguished by a newly developed rDNA-based molecular assay based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. While <i>Euplotes</i> feeds on <i>Cry</i> and on bacteria, the <i>Coleps</i> clones cannot survive on bacteria alone but feed on both <i>Cry</i> and <i>Nav</i> with clone-specific rates. Experimental treatments comprised two-species mixtures of <i>Euplotes</i> and one or all of the three different <i>Coleps</i> clones, respectively. We found intraspecific variation in the traits "selectivity" and "maximum ingestion rate" for the different algae to significantly affect the competitive outcome between the two ciliate species. As <i>Nav</i> quickly escaped top-down control and likely reached a state of low food quality, ciliate competition was strongly determined by the preference of different <i>Coleps</i> clones for <i>Cry</i> as opposed to feeding on <i>Nav</i>. In addition, the ability of <i>Euplotes</i> to use bacteria as an alternative food source strengthened its persistence once <i>Cry</i> was depleted. Hence, trait variation at both trophic levels co-determined the population dynamics and the outcome of species competition. --</p>
Size-dependent intraspecific variation in wood traits has little impact on aboveground carbon estimates in a tropical forest landscape
<p>There is increasing evidence that intraspecific trait variation plays a role in governing rates of ecosystem functioning. While wood traits such as wood specific gravity (WSG) and wood carbon concentration (WCC) are key drivers of forest aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks, the sources of intraspecific variation in these wood traits and the consequences of this variation on AGC are poorly known, especially in the tropics.</p> <p>Here, we investigated intraspecific variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) and wood carbon concentration (WCC) from 556 individual trees belonging to 15 species that well characterize different successional stages of seasonal evergreen forests in Southeast Asia. Specifically, we tested the contribution of individual or species characteristics (tree size, growth rate and regeneration guilds) and local environmental conditions (topographic wetness index and successional stages) to intraspecific variation in WSG and WCC, and assessed the consequences of intraspecific variation in these wood traits on AGC estimates in 14 permanent forest plots established along a successional gradient in Khao Yai National park, Thailand.</p> <p>We found that tree size was the main driver of intraspecific variation in WSG and WCC as tree sizes increased from 10−100 cm in diameter, WSG increased by 7.3%, while WCC increased by 2.4% in heartwood, 1.6% and 2.7% in sapwood without and with volatile carbon included. There was no effect of the topographic wetness and other local environment condition in wood traits led to a slight overestimation of AGC in young secondary forests (+0.09 to +1.29%) and a small underestimation in older forests (-0.86 to -2.87%), but overall AGC estimates (13 of 14 forest plots) remained within error margins (the 95% interval).</p> <p>Our study provides evidence that tree size variation translates into intraspecific variability in wood traits, whereas local environmental conditions related to topography successional stages had no effect on wood trait variability. While size-dependent variation in WSG and WCC have largely been undocumented and thus ignored in forest carbon assessment approaches, we highlight that it has a limited impact on AGC estimates, indicating that it does not invalidate current forest carbon stock estimation approaches. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.