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115 results for “kinship”
Data from: Kinship underlies costly cooperation in Mosuo villages
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Data from: Better the devil you know? how familiarity and kinship affect prey responses to disturbance cues
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Data from: The battle of the sexes over seed size: support for both kinship genomic imprinting and interlocus contest evolution
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Data from: Social network structure in wintering golden-crowned sparrows is not correlated with kinship
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Data from: Spatial overlap in a solitary carnivore: support for the land-tenure, kinship, or resource dispersion hypotheses?
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Microsatellite markers for assessing genetic diversity and kinship relationships in one of the largest South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) populations of the Pacific Ocean
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Kinship does not predict the structure of a shark social network
<p>Genetic relatedness in animal societies is often a factor that drives the structure of social groups. In the marine world, most studies which have investigated this question have focused on marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. For sharks, recent studies have demonstrated preferential associations among individuals from which social communities emerge. Assortment patterns have been found according to phenotypic or behavioural traits but the role of genetic relatedness in shaping the social structure of adult shark populations has, to the best our knowledge, never been investigated. Here, we used a social network analysis crossed with DNA microsatellite genotyping to investigate the role of the genetic relatedness in the social structure of a blacktip reef shark (<i>Carcharhinus melanopterus</i>) population. Based on data from 156 groups of sharks, we used generalized affiliation indices to isolate social preferences from non-social associations, controlling for the contribution of sex, size, gregariousness, spatial and temporal overlap on social associations, to test for the influence of genetic relatedness on social structure. A double permutation procedure was employed to confirm our results and account for issues arising from potentially elevated type I and type II error rates. Kinship was not a predictor of associations and affiliations among sharks at the dyad or community levels as individuals tended to associate independently of the genetic relatedness among them. The lack of parental care in this species may contribute to the breakdown of family links in the population early in life, thereby preventing the formation of kin-based social networks.</p>
Data from: Modelling social care provision in an agent-based framework with kinship networks
Current demographic trends in the UK include a fast-growing elderly population and dropping birth rates, and demand for social care amongst the aged is rising. The UK depends on informal social care -- family members or friends providing care -- for some 50% of care provision. However, lower birth rates and a graying population mean that care availability is becoming a significant problem, causing concern amongst policy-makers that substantial public investment in formal care will be required in decades to come. In this paper we present an agent-based simulation of care provision in the UK, in which individual agents can decide to provide informal care, or pay for private care, for their loved ones. Agents base these decisions on factors including their own health, employment status, financial resources, relationship to the individual in need, and geographical location. Results demonstrate that the model can produce similar patterns of care need and availability as is observed in the real world, despite the model containing minimal empirical data. We propose that our model better captures the complexities of social care provision than other methods, due to the socioeconomic details present and the use of kinship networks to distribute care amongst family members.
Data from: Preen oil chemical composition encodes individuality, seasonal variation and kinship in black kites Milvus migrans
Evidence that bird odour can encode social information that can be used in chemical communication is growing, but is restricted to a few taxonomic groups. Among birds, diurnal raptors (i.e. birds from the Accipitriformes and Falconiformes order) have always been considered as mainly relying on their visual abilities. Although they seem to have a functional sense of smell, whether their odour can convey social information has yet to be determined. Combining gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GCMS) and microsatellite data, we tested whether chemical compounds from preen gland secretions can encode sex, age, individuality, seasonal differences and genetic relatedness in the gregarious accipitriform black kite Milvus migrans. While no differences in preen oil composition were found between age classes, an individual signature was detected. While a seasonal variation was found in both sexes, compounds differ between sexes in the non-breeding season. Finally, a significant correlation between chemical proximity and genetic proximity was detected in male-male dyads and male-female dyads but not in female-female dyads. Our study provides the first evidence in raptors that preen secretion can convey information that may potentially be used in individual recognition, reproductive synchronization and inbreeding avoidance, and suggests that raptors may rely upon their olfactory abilities more than previously thought. This study opens promising avenues for further studies in raptor chemical communication.
Data from: How to estimate kinship
The concept of kinship permeates many domains of fundamental and applied biology ranging from social evolution to conservation science to quantitative and human genetics. Until recently, pedigrees were the gold standard to infer kinship, but the advent of next generation sequencing and the availability of dense genetic markers in many species make it a good time to (re) evaluate the usefulness of genetic markers in this context. Using three published data sets where both pedigrees and markers are available, we evaluate two common and a new genetic estimator of kinship. We show discrepancies between pedigree values and marker estimates of kinship, and explore via simulations the possible reasons for these. We find these discrepancies are attributable to two main sources: pedigree errors and heterogeneity in the origin of founders. We also show that our new marker-based kinship estimator has very good statistical properties and behavior, and is particularly well suited for situations where the source population is of small size, as will often be the case in conservation biology, and where high levels of kinship are expected, as is typical in social evolution studies.
Data from: Gustatory cues to kinship among males moderate the productivity of females
Males of many species harm females as a by-product of intrasexual competition, but this harm can be reduced if males are less competitive in the presence of familiar relatives. We determined the cue males use to identify competitors in this context. We assessed genetic variance in a putative kin recognition trait (cuticular hydrocarbons) in male seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus and found that five hydrocarbons had significant components of additive genetic variance and could serve as relatedness cues. Next, we tested whether hydrocarbons were the mechanism males use to distinguish the social identities of competitors when strategically adjusting their competitiveness/harmfulness. Pairs of female and male C. maculatus were mated in the presence of hydrocarbons extracted from males that differed in their relatedness and familiarity to the focal male. Females were more productive after mating in the presence of extracts from the focal male's non-relatives, if those extracts were also unfamiliar to the focal male. Relatedness had no effect on productivity when extracts were familiar to the focal male. These results may be reconciled with those of previous studies that manipulated the relatedness and familiarity of competing males if the difference between the effect of harmfulness on productivity following a single mating and the effect on lifetime reproductive fitness after multiple matings is accounted for. This study provides a novel demonstration of the mechanism of social recognition in the moderation of sexual conflict.
Data from: Group structure, kinship, inbreeding risk and habitual female dispersal in plural-breeding mammals
In most plural breeding mammals, female group members are matrilineal relatives but, in a small number of species, all adult females are immigrants who are seldom closely related to each other. Some explanations of contrasts in female philopatry suggest that these differences are a consequence of variation in resource distribution and feeding competition, while others argue that they reflect variation in the risk of close inbreeding to philopatric females. However, neither explanation has been tested against quantitative comparisons. Here, we use quantitative comparisons and phylogenetic reconstructions to show that contrasts in female philopatry in plural breeders are associated with the risk that a female's father is reproductively active in her group when she starts to breed, supporting the suggestion that habitual female dispersal has evolved to minimize the risk of inbreeding.
Data from: Photos provide information on age, but not kinship, of Andean bear
Using photos of captive Andean bears of known age and pedigree, and photos of wild Andean bear cubs <6 months old, we evaluated the degree to which visual information may be used to estimate bears' ages and assess their kinship. We demonstrate that the ages of Andean bear cubs ≤6 months old may be estimated from their size relative to their mothers with an average error of <0.01 ± 13.2 days (SD; n = 14), and that ages of adults ≥10 years old may be estimated from the proportion of their nose that is pink with an average error of <0.01 ± 3.5 years (n = 41). We also show that similarity among the bears' natural markings, as perceived by humans, is not associated with pedigree kinship among the bears (R2 < 0.001, N = 1,043, p = 0.499). Thus, researchers may use photos of wild Andean bears to estimate the ages of young cubs and older adults, but not to infer their kinship. Given that camera trap photos are one of the most readily available sources of information on large cryptic mammals, we suggest that similar methods be tested for use in other poorly understood species.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCEPT OF KINSHIP
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Correcting parentage relationships in the endangered California condor: Improving mean kinship estimates for conservation management
<p><span>Maintaining the existing biodiversity of endangered species is a goal of conservation management programs, and a major component of many collaborative efforts undertaken by zoos, field biologists, and conservation scientists. Over the past three decades, the San Diego Zoo has performed long-term genetic studies in support of the recovery program for the critically endangered California condor (<em>Gymnogyps californianus</em>). This work has included sex determination of hatchlings and parentage confirmation using microsatellite genotyping. This paper describes the genetic work associated with the California condor recovery program, which aims to provide a highly accurate pedigree for making informed captive pairing and release recommendations. Initial genotyping began after reintroduced California condors started reproducing, and the focus was on birds hatched from their wild-laid eggs. However, genetic analysis showed discrepancies relative to behavioral observations of wild birds, and led to the species-wide testing of all available samples. This genetic study has resolved instances of individual misidentifications and parental misassignments, verified the first cases of extra-pair paternity in this species, identified parentage where chicks were observed being raised by trios, and found two apparent de novo mutations in the captive condor population. Correcting the California condor pedigree according to genetic parental analysis has produced more accurate estimates of mean kinship values among living birds, ranking potential breeders according to their actual breeding value and helping managers to make informed decisions about captive pairing and release of condors in the wild.</span></p>
Kinbank: A global database of kinship terminology
<p>The data repository for the Kinbank dataset </p>
Fig. 7 in The Acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (Bilateria incertae sedis)
Fig. 7 Cladogram of the Acoelomorpha with partial family-level systematics of the Acoela. 1. Multiciliated epidermis, ciliary rootlet system, frontal organ, basiepidermal nervous system with ring-shaped brain. 2. Statocyst with two lithocytes (statoliths) and many parietal cells, sperm with cork screw-like morphology. 3. Statocyst with one lithocyte (statolith) and two parietal cells, brain sunk below body wall, lateral fibers at knee of rostral rootlet, biflagellated sperm; digestive system becomes depolarized. 4. Position of mouth at the posterior end. 5. Specialized parenchymal tissue for reception, storage, and digestion of sperm (seminal bursa). 6. Subterminal pharynx at anterior end. 7.
Data from: Quantitative analysis of connectivity in populations of a semi-aquatic mammal using kinship categories and network assortativity
Analyzing the impact of anthropogenic and natural river barriers on the dispersal of aquatic and semi-aquatic species may be critical for their conservation, but no adequate genetic methods have been developed for quantifying the effect of specific barriers on current connectivity. Knowledge of kinship relationships between individuals and reconstructions of pedigrees obtained using genomic data can be extremely useful, not only for studying the social organization of animals, but also inferring how the last few generations of offspring have dispersed. In this study, we used kinship data to analyze connectivity patterns in a small semi-aquatic mammal, the Pyrenean desman, in an area comprising two river systems with close headwaters and dams of various sizes. Using a large SNP dataset from 70 specimens, we obtained kinship categories and reconstructed pedigrees. To quantify the barrier effect of specific obstacles, we constructed kinship networks and devised a method based on the assortativity coefficient, which measures the proportion between observed and expected kinship relationships across a barrier. The estimation of this parameter enabled us to infer that the most important barrier in the area was the watershed divide between the rivers, followed by a dam on one of the rivers. Other barriers did not significantly reduce the expected number of kinship relationships across them. This strategy and the information obtained with it may be crucial in determining the most important connectivity problems in an area and help develop conservation plans aimed at improving genetic exchange between populations of threatened species.
Data from: Group structure, kinship, inbreeding risk and habitual female dispersal in plural-breeding mammals
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Data from: Gustatory cues to kinship among males moderate the productivity of females
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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