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151 results for “lemur”

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dryad32/100

Data from: Visual ecology of true lemurs suggests a cathemeral origin for the primate cone opsin polymorphism

In contrast to the majority of primates, which exhibit dedicated diurnality or nocturnality, all species of Eulemur are cathemeral. Color vision, in particular, is strongly affected by the spectral composition and intensity of ambient light, and the impact of activity period on the evolution of primate color vision is actively debated. We studied three groups of wild brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar over a one-year span. We also used non-invasive fecal DNA collection and analysis to study the opsin genes underlying the color vision of 24 individuals. We quantify the color and brightness of dietary fruits and modeled the chromaticity and discriminability of food objects to different visual phenotypes under daylight, twilight, and moonlight conditions. We found that E. fulvus possesses routine dichromacy, unlike its congener E. flavifrons, for which polymorphic trichromacy has been reported. Our models suggest that dichromacy is well-suited to the foraging ecology of E. fulvus. The performance of modeled dichromats and trichromats is comparable under nocturnal illuminants and the luminance values of most diet items are detectable across light conditions. The trichromatic phenotype demonstrates a modest advantage under daylight conditions only. Our results, taken together with reports of polymorphic trichromacy in E. flavifrons, suggest functional ecological variation in the visual system of the genus Eulemur. Interspecific phenotypic variation in the color vision of a genus is both unexpected and instructive. Ecological differences between species of Eulemur could reveal thresholds for the origins of polymorphic trichromacy, which preceded the evolution of routine trichromatic vision in humans and other primates.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Novel opsin gene variation in large-bodied, diurnal lemurs

Some primate populations include both trichromatic and dichromatic (red–green colour blind) individuals due to allelic variation at the X-linked opsin locus. This polymorphic trichromacy is well described in day-active New World monkeys. Less is known about colour vision in Malagasy lemurs, but, unlike New World monkeys, only some day-active lemurs are polymorphic, while others are dichromatic. The evolutionary pressures underlying these differences in lemurs are unknown, but aspects of species ecology, including variation in activity pattern, are hypothesized to play a role. Limited data on X-linked opsin variation in lemurs make such hypotheses difficult to evaluate. We provide the first detailed examination of X-linked opsin variation across a lemur clade (Indriidae). We sequenced the X-linked opsin in the most strictly diurnal and largest extant lemur, Indri indri, and nine species of smaller, generally diurnal indriids (Propithecus). Although nocturnal Avahi (sister taxon to Propithecus) lacks a polymorphism, at least eight species of diurnal indriids have two or more X-linked opsin alleles. Four rainforest-living taxa—I. indri and the three largest Propithecus species—have alleles not previously documented in lemurs. Moreover, we identified at least three opsin alleles in Indri with peak spectral sensitivities similar to some New World monkeys.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Concatenation and concordance in the reconstruction of mouse lemur phylogeny: an empirical demonstration of the effect of allele sampling in phylogenetics.

The systematics and speciation literature is rich with discussion relating to the potential for gene tree/species tree discordance. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to generate discordance, including differential selection, long-branch attraction, gene duplication, genetic introgression, and/or incomplete lineage sorting. For speciose clades in which divergence has occurred recently and rapidly, recovering the true species tree can be particularly problematic due to incomplete lineage sorting. Unfortunately, the availability of multi-locus or "phylogenomic" data sets does not simply solve the problem, particularly when the data are analyzed with standard concatenation techniques. In our study, we conduct a phylogenetic study for a nearly complete species sample of the dwarf and mouse lemur clade, Cheirogaleidae. Mouse lemurs (genus, Microcebus) have been intensively studied over the past decade for reasons relating to their high level of cryptic species diversity, and although there has been emerging consensus regarding the evolutionary diversity contained within the genus, there is no agreement as to the inter-specific relationships within the group. We attempt to resolve cheirogaleid phylogeny, focusing especially on the mouse lemurs, by employing a large multi-locus data set. We compare the results of Bayesian concordance methods with those of standard gene concatenation, finding that though concatenation yields the strongest results as measured by statistical support, these results are found to be highly misleading. By employing an approach where individual alleles are treated as OTUs, we show that phylogenetic results are substantially influenced by the selection of alleles in the concatenation process.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Are shy individuals less behaviorally variable? Insights from a captive population of mouse lemurs

Increasingly, individual variation in personality has become a focus of behavioral research in animal systems. Boldness and shyness, often quantified as the tendency to explore novel situations, are seen as personality traits important to the fitness landscape of individuals. Here we tested for individual differences within and across contexts in behavioral responses of captive mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) to novel objects, novel foods, and handling. We report consistent differences in behavioral responses for objects and handling. We also found that the responses to handling and novel objects were correlated and repeatable. Lastly, we show that shyer individuals may show less variability in their behavioral responses. This study provides new information on the potential for behavioral syndromes in this species and highlights differences in the degree to which behavioral types (e.g., shy/bold) vary in their behavioral responses.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Multilocus coalescent analyses reveal the demographic history and speciation patterns of mouse lemur sister species

Background: Debate continues as to whether allopatric speciation or peripatric speciation through a founder effect is the predominant force driving evolution in vertebrates. The mouse lemurs of Madagascar are a system in which evolution has generated a large number of species over a relatively recent time frame. Here, we examine speciation patterns in a pair of sister species of mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus and M. griseorufus. These two species have ranges that are disparately proportioned in size, with M. murinus showing a much more extensive range that marginally overlaps that of M. griseorufus. Given that these two species are sister taxa, the asymmetric but overlapping geographic ranges are consistent with a model of peripatric speciation. To test this hypothesis, we analyze DNA sequence data from four molecular markers using coalescent methods. If the peripatric speciation model is supported, we predict substantially greater genetic diversity in M. murinus, relative to M. griseorufus. Further, we expect a larger effective population size in M. murinus and in the common ancestor of the two species than in M. griseorufus, with a concomitant decrease in gene tree/species tree incongruence in the latter and weak signs of demographic expansion in M. murinus. Results: Our results reject a model of peripatric divergence. Coalescent effective population size estimates were similar for both extant species and larger than that estimated for their most recent common ancestor. Gene tree results show similar levels of incomplete lineage sorting within species with respect to the species tree, and locus-specific estimates of genetic diversity are concordant for both species. Multilocus demographic analyses suggest range expansions for M. murinus, with this species also experiencing more recent population declines over the past 160 thousand years. Conclusions: Results suggest that speciation occurred in allopatry from a common ancestor narrowly distributed throughout southwest Madagascar, with subsequent range expansion for M. murinus. Population decline in M. murinus is likely related to patterns of climate change in Madagascar throughout the Pleistocene, potentially exacerbated by continual anthropogenic perturbation. Genome-level data are needed to quantify the role of niche specialization and adaptation in shaping the current ranges of these species.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs

Implementation of the coalescent model in a Bayesian framework is an emerging strength in genetically based species delimitation studies. By providing an objective measure of species diagnosis, these methods represent a quantitative enhancement to the analysis of multilocus data, and complement more traditional methods based on phenotypic and ecological characteristics. Recognized as two species 20 years ago, mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus) now comprise more than 20 species, largely diagnosed from mtDNA sequence data. With each new species description, enthusiasm has been tempered with scientific scepticism. Here, we present a statistically justified and unbiased Bayesian approach towards mouse lemur species delimitation. We perform validation tests using multilocus sequence data and two methodologies: (i) reverse-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling to assess the likelihood of different models defined a priori by a guide tree, and (ii) a Bayes factor delimitation test that compares different species-tree models without a guide tree. We assess the sensitivity of these methods using randomized individual assignments, which has been used in bpp studies, but not with Bayes factor delimitation tests. Our results validate previously diagnosed taxa, as well as new species hypotheses, resulting in support for three new mouse lemur species. As the challenge of multiple researchers using differing criteria to describe diversity is not unique to Microcebus, the methods used here have significant potential for clarifying diversity in other taxonomic groups. We echo previous studies in advocating that multiple lines of evidence, including use of the coalescent model, should be trusted to delimit new species.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →
dryad32/100

Data from: Heritability and genetic correlations of personality, life history, and morphology in the grey mouse lemur (M. murinus)

<p class="Style1">The recent interest in animal personality has sparked a number of studies on the heritability of personality traits. Yet, how the sources variance these traits can be decomposed remains unclear. Moreover, whether genetic correlations with life-history traits, personality traits and other phenotypic traits exist as predicted by the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis remains poorly understood. Our aim was to compare the heritability of personality, life-history, and morphological traits and their potential genetic correlations in a small primate (<i>Microcebus murinus</i>). We performed an animal model analysis on six traits measured in a large sample of captive mouse lemurs (<i>N</i>=486). We chose two personality traits, two life history traits, and two morphological traits to 1) estimate the genetic and/or environmental contribution to their variance, and 2) test for genetic correlations between these traits. We found modest narrow-sense heritability for personality traits, morphological traits, and life history traits. Other factors including maternal effects also influence the sources of variation in life history and morphological traits. We found genetic correlations between emergence latency on the one hand and radius length and growth rate on the other hand. Emergence latency was also genetically correlated with birth weight and was influenced by maternal identity. These results provide insights into the influence of genes and maternal effects on the partitioning of sources of variation in personality, life-history, and morphological traits in a captive primate model and suggest that the pace-of-life syndrome may be partly explained by genetic trait covariances.</p>

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →
zenodo32/100

Figure 1 in Morphometrics confirm taxonomic deflation in dwarf lemurs (Primates: Cheirogaleidae), as suggested by genetics

Figure 1. Sampling localities. Sampling sites of both the field samples and the museum specimens included in the analyses of this study are marked with circles. The colours indicate that individuals found at the respective site were classified as Cheirogaleus medius (yellow), Cheirogaleus major (red), and Cheirogaleus crossleyi (blue), or could not be clearly classified (white) by the analyses presented in this study. The Sambava locality is marked by two circles, as two different species were collected at this site. The asterisks denote sites that were newly sampled for this study.

opennotspecifiedDec 2010View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NW Madagascar, confined to the Lokobe region on Nosy Be. This may or may not be the species that occurred on the island of Nosy Komba as well, but in any case sportive lemurs have not been observed there for several years; in 2007, D. Zinner and coworkers found that some specimens from the mainland had identical mtDNA to that of the type specimen of the Nosy Be Sportive Lemur. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. NW Madagascar, confined to the Lokobe region on Nosy Be. This may or may not be the species that occurred on the island of Nosy Komba as well, but in any case sportive lemurs have not been observed there for several years; in 2007, D. Zinner and coworkers found that some specimens from the mainland had identical mtDNA to that of the type specimen of the Nosy Be Sportive Lemur.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NE Madagascar, extremely limited distribution in the far N of the island, just to the S of Antsiranana (= Diégo-Suarez), it was formerly believed to inhabit both dry and humid forests from the Montagne d' Ambre region S to the Mahavavy River near Ambilobe in the W, and probably to the Fanambana River S of Vohémarin the E. However, with the recognition of the Ankarana Sportive Lemur (L. ankaranensis) as a distinct species, the range of the Sahafary Sportive Lemur was reduced to a handful of very small remnant forest patches nearthe villages of Madirobe and Ankarongana in the Sahafary region, and in the immediate vicinity of Andrahona, a small mountain rising out of the surrounding lowlands about 30 km south of Antsiranana and E of the RN6 main road. Recent faunal surveys in the Montagne des Francais, a calcareous massif of c.6114 ha approximately 12 km SE of Antsiranana, listed the Sahafary Sportive Lemur as one of the species occurring there, but this needs to be confirmed; it may be widerranging than the Ankarana Sportive Lemur. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. NE Madagascar, extremely limited distribution in the far N of the island, just to the S of Antsiranana (= Diégo-Suarez), it was formerly believed to inhabit both dry and humid forests from the Montagne d' Ambre region S to the Mahavavy River near Ambilobe in the W, and probably to the Fanambana River S of Vohémarin the E. However, with the recognition of the Ankarana Sportive Lemur (L. ankaranensis) as a distinct species, the range of the Sahafary Sportive Lemur was reduced to a handful of very small remnant forest patches nearthe villages of Madirobe and Ankarongana in the Sahafary region, and in the immediate vicinity of Andrahona, a small mountain rising out of the surrounding lowlands about 30 km south of Antsiranana and E of the RN6 main road. Recent faunal surveys in the Montagne des Francais, a calcareous massif of c.6114 ha approximately 12 km SE of Antsiranana, listed the Sahafary Sportive Lemur as one of the species occurring there, but this needs to be confirmed; it may be widerranging than the Ankarana Sportive Lemur.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. SE Madagascar, the range of this species currently appears to extend in a NE to SW trajectory from Ranomafana National Park to Andringitra National Park. Nonetheless, the relationships between the various taxa of sportive lemurs in SE Madagascar need further study, and the distributional limits of the Small-toothed Sportive Lemur are still poorly known. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. SE Madagascar, the range of this species currently appears to extend in a NE to SW trajectory from Ranomafana National Park to Andringitra National Park. Nonetheless, the relationships between the various taxa of sportive lemurs in SE Madagascar need further study, and the distributional limits of the Small-toothed Sportive Lemur are still poorly known.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NW coastal Madagascar, restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and the adjacent mainland; the biogeography of this area and the distribution pattern of the sympatric Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons) make it likely that the boundaries of the range of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur are the Andranomalaza River in the N and the Maevarano Riverin the S. Field studies to determine the full extent of the distribution and that of neighboring Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (L. mittermeiert) are underway. in Lepilemuridae

Distribution. NW coastal Madagascar, restricted to the Sahamalaza Peninsula and the adjacent mainland; the biogeography of this area and the distribution pattern of the sympatric Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons) make it likely that the boundaries of the range of the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur are the Andranomalaza River in the N and the Maevarano Riverin the S. Field studies to determine the full extent of the distribution and that of neighboring Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (L. mittermeiert) are underway.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

On following pages: 5. Wright's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur wrightae); 6. Andohahela Sportive Lemur (Lepilemurfleuretae); 7. Mananara-Nord Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur hollandorum); 8. Seal's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur seall); 9. Masoala Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur scottorum); 10. Daraina Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur milanoii); 11. Ankarana Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ankaranensis); 12. Sahafary Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis); 13. Gray's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur dorsalis); 14. Nosy Be Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur tymerlachsoni); 15. Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur mittermeieri); 16. Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis); 17. Anjiamangirana Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur grewcockorum); 18. Ambodimahabibo Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur otto); 19. Milne-Edwards's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi); 20. Antafia Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur aeeclis); 21. Tsiombikibo Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ahmansonorum); 22. Bemaraha Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur randrianasolol); 23. Red-tailed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus); 24. Zombitse Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur hubbardi); 25. Petter's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur petteri); 26. White-footed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur leucopus). in Lepilemuridae

On following pages: 5. Wright's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur wrightae); 6. Andohahela Sportive Lemur (Lepilemurfleuretae); 7. Mananara-Nord Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur hollandorum); 8. Seal's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur seall); 9. Masoala Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur scottorum); 10. Daraina Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur milanoii); 11. Ankarana Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ankaranensis); 12. Sahafary Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis); 13. Gray's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur dorsalis); 14. Nosy Be Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur tymerlachsoni); 15. Mittermeier's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur mittermeieri); 16. Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis); 17. Anjiamangirana Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur grewcockorum); 18. Ambodimahabibo Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur otto); 19. Milne-Edwards's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur edwardsi); 20. Antafia Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur aeeclis); 21. Tsiombikibo Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ahmansonorum); 22. Bemaraha Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur randrianasolol); 23. Red-tailed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus); 24. Zombitse Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur hubbardi); 25. Petter's Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur petteri); 26. White-footed Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur leucopus).

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

On following page: 26. Crossley's Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus crossleyi); 27. Lesser Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus minusculus). in Cheirogaleidae

On following page: 26. Crossley's Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus crossleyi); 27. Lesser Iron-gray Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus minusculus).

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

On following pages: 3. Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus berthae); 4. Peters's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus myoxinus); 5. Golden-brown Mouse Lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis): 6. Bongolava Mouse Lemur (Microcebus bongolavensis); 7. Ambarijeby Mouse Lemur (Microcebus danfossi); 8. Margot Marsh's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus margotmarshae); 9. Sambirano Mouse Lemur (Microcebus sambiranensis): 10. Nosy Be Mouse Lemur (Microcebus mamiratra); 11. Tavaratra Mouse Lemur (Microcebus tavaratra); 12. Montagne d'Ambre Mouse Lemur (Microcebus arnholdi); 13. Rufous Mouse Lemur (Microcebus rufus); 14. Jolly's Mouse Lemur (Microcebusjollyae); 15. Gerp's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus gerpi); 16. Goodman's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus lehilahytsara); 17. Simmons's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus simmons): 18. Anjiahely Mouse Lemur (Microcebus macarthur); 19. Mittermeier''s Mouse Lemur (Microcebus mittermeieri). in Cheirogaleidae

On following pages: 3. Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus berthae); 4. Peters's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus myoxinus); 5. Golden-brown Mouse Lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis): 6. Bongolava Mouse Lemur (Microcebus bongolavensis); 7. Ambarijeby Mouse Lemur (Microcebus danfossi); 8. Margot Marsh's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus margotmarshae); 9. Sambirano Mouse Lemur (Microcebus sambiranensis): 10. Nosy Be Mouse Lemur (Microcebus mamiratra); 11. Tavaratra Mouse Lemur (Microcebus tavaratra); 12. Montagne d'Ambre Mouse Lemur (Microcebus arnholdi); 13. Rufous Mouse Lemur (Microcebus rufus); 14. Jolly's Mouse Lemur (Microcebusjollyae); 15. Gerp's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus gerpi); 16. Goodman's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus lehilahytsara); 17. Simmons's Mouse Lemur (Microcebus simmons): 18. Anjiahely Mouse Lemur (Microcebus macarthur); 19. Mittermeier''s Mouse Lemur (Microcebus mittermeieri).

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NE Madagascar, known only from its type locality near the village of Anjiahely ¢.26 km W of Maroantsetra. It appears to be sympatric with Mittermeier's Mouse Lemur (M. mittermereri) at Anjiahely. in Cheirogaleidae

Distribution. NE Madagascar, known only from its type locality near the village of Anjiahely ¢.26 km W of Maroantsetra. It appears to be sympatric with Mittermeier's Mouse Lemur (M. mittermereri) at Anjiahely.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

On following pages: 11. White-fronted Brown Lemur (Eulemur albifrons); 12. Sanford's Brown Lemur (Eulemur sanford); 13. White-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps); 14. Red-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur collaris); 15. Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco); 16. Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons); 17. Crowned Lemur (Eulemur coronatus); 18. Red-bellied Lemur (Eulemur rubriventer); 19. Mongoose Lemur (Eulemur mongoz). in Lemuridae

On following pages: 11. White-fronted Brown Lemur (Eulemur albifrons); 12. Sanford's Brown Lemur (Eulemur sanford); 13. White-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps); 14. Red-collared Brown Lemur (Eulemur collaris); 15. Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco); 16. Blue-eyed Black Lemur (Eulemurflavifrons); 17. Crowned Lemur (Eulemur coronatus); 18. Red-bellied Lemur (Eulemur rubriventer); 19. Mongoose Lemur (Eulemur mongoz).

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

On following pages: 3. Northern Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis); 4. Lac Alaotra Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis); 5. Golden Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur aureus); 6. Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus). in Lemuridae

On following pages: 3. Northern Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis); 4. Lac Alaotra Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis); 5. Golden Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur aureus); 6. Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus).

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NE Madagascar, confined to the Masoala Peninsula and the region immediately N of the Bay of Antongil, the Antainambalana River appears to separate it from the Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur (V. variegata subcincta), but the W limit of the range remains unclear; it may have occurred as far N as Antalaha in the past, but this Is uncertain. in Lemuridae

Distribution. NE Madagascar, confined to the Masoala Peninsula and the region immediately N of the Bay of Antongil, the Antainambalana River appears to separate it from the Black-and-white Ruffed Lemur (V. variegata subcincta), but the W limit of the range remains unclear; it may have occurred as far N as Antalaha in the past, but this Is uncertain.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →
zenodo32/100

Distribution. NW Madagascar, confined to a few small, isolated areas of forest to the S of the range of the Black Lemur (£. macaco), from the Andranomalaza River (although it also is reported to the NE ofthe river, E of the Manongarivo Special Reserve) S to the Maevarano River, and E to the Sandrakota River. in Lemuridae

Distribution. NW Madagascar, confined to a few small, isolated areas of forest to the S of the range of the Black Lemur (£. macaco), from the Andranomalaza River (although it also is reported to the NE ofthe river, E of the Manongarivo Special Reserve) S to the Maevarano River, and E to the Sandrakota River.

opennotspecifiedMar 2013View details →

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