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Fig. 2. Xiphinema parasimile. A, D, F, N, T in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 2. Xiphinema parasimile. A, D, F, N, T: Male. A: Anterior end; D: Pharyngeal bulb; F: Posterior end; N: Posterior testis; T: Habitus; I-K, P: Females. I: Anterior end, paratype specimen; J: Anterior end, Or; K: Anterior end, Vi; P: Pharyngeal bulb; Xiphinema simile; B, C, E, G, H, O, S: Males. B – Anterior end, SR; C: Anterior end, KB; E: Pharyngeal bulb, KB; G: Posterior end, KB; H: Posterior end, SR; O: Genital system, KB; S: Habitus; L, M, Q, R: Females. L: Anterior end, SR; M: Anterior end, KB; Q, R: Pharyngeal bulb, SR; R: Pharyngeal bulb, KB. Scale bars: A-R=50 µm; S, T=500 µm.

Fig. 5 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 5. Variability of female tale shape in studied populations. A-C: Xiphinema parasimile, A1-A8: Vi; B1- B9: Or; C1-C3: paratypes; D-H: Xiphinema simile, D1-D5: SR; E1-E8: Or; F1-F2: Kb; G1: Ka; H1-H5: KB. Scale bar: A-H=50µm.

Fig. 10 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 10. Xiphinema simile. Juveniles: A-C, Anterior region of first, second and third juvenile stages; D, Female anterior end; E-G, Tail of first, second and third juvenile stages; H, Female tail. I-L X. simile: I, Female anterior end, J, Vaginal region, K, L, Tail. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 7. Scatter plot of odontostyle (■) and replacement odontostyle (□) against body length of Xiphinema parasimile juveniles and females from Vinogradets population.

Fig. 11 in On two closely related species of Xiphinema americanum-group: X. simile Lamberti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 and X. parasimile Barsi & Lamberti, 2004 (Longidoridae), with a description of the male of X. parasimile

Fig. 11. Scatter plot of odontostyle (■) and replacement odontostyle (□) against body length of Xiphinema simile juveniles and females: A, Kalimok-Brashlen and B, Srebarna populations.

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Fig. 7. Metaventral and male ventrite examples. A–B in A revision of Cissidium Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) with seventy seven new species

Fig. 7. Metaventral and male ventrite examples. A–B. Metaventrite posterior margin to show spines. A. Cissidium riparium sp. nov., × 610. B. Cissidium plaumanni sp. nov., × 970. C–D. Metaventral discs. C. Cissidium greensladei sp. nov., × 455. D. Cissidium insulare sp. nov., × 595. E. Cissidium obscenum sp. nov., × 840. F–G. Terminal male ventrites. F. Cissidium petri Darby, 2015, × 1580. G. Cissidium amboroense Darby, 2015, × 1380.

Fig. 16 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 16. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A–B. Formica wheeleri, Formicinae (U.S.A., CASENT0173024, A. Nobile). C–D. Rhytidoponera, Ectatomminae, ectaheteromorph clade (Australia, CASENT0004610, A. Nobile). E–F. Pogonomyrmex rastratus (Argentina, CASENT0172673, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm, B, D, F = 1.0 mm, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 9 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 9. Apomyrma CD01, male, photomicrographs. A. Forewing. B. Hindwing. C. Abdominal sternum IX, ventral view. D. Genital capsule, dorsal view. E. Genital valves, slightly splayed and without cupula, ventral view. F. Genital capsule, lateral view. G. Volsella and paramere, mesal view. H. Penisvalva in situ, mesal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–H = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 10 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 10. Representative males of Leptanillinae, lateral view A. Protanilla "TH01" (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile), arrow indicates loss of abdominal segment II petiolation. B. Protanilla "TH03" (Thailand, CASENT0119791, E. Prado). C. Leptanilla swani (Australia, CASENT0172318, A. Nobile). D. Protanilla sp. (Indonesia, CASENT0178838, A. Nobile), arrow indicates basolateral basimeral process. E. Scyphodon sp. (Indonesia, MCZ155112w, A. Nobile). F. Noonilla sp., used with permission from Petersen (1968). Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.2 mm, D = 0.5 mm, B = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 12 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 12. Martialis heureka Rabeling & Verhaagh, 2008, male, wing photomicrographs and genitalia illustrations, genital membranes not shown. A. Forewing. B. Hindwing. C. Abdominal sternum IX, ventral view. D. Genital capsule, dorsal view. E. Genital capsule, ventral view. F. Genital capsule, lateral view. G. Volsella and paramere, mesal view. H. Penisvalva in situ, mesal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–H = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 15 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 15. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, D. Frontal view. B–C, E. Lateral view. — A–B. Pseudomyrmex holmgreni, Pseudomyrmecinae (Paraguay, CASENT0173758, A. Nobile). C. Aneuretus simoni, Aneuretinae, used with permission from Wilson et al. (1956). D–E. Technomyrmex difficilis, Dolichoderinae (Madagascar, CASENT0049968, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm, B = 1.0 mm, E = 0.5 mm, no scale available for C.

Fig. 14 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 14. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, C, E. Frontal view. B, D, F. Lateral view. — A–B. Proceratium creek, Proceratiinae (U.S.A., CASENT010441, A. Nobile). C–D. Acanthostichus, Dorylinae (French Guiana, CASENT0056970, A. Nobile). E–F. Myrmecia chasei, Myrmeciinae (Australia, CASENT0903663, W. Ericson). Scale bars: A, C = 0.2 mm, B, E = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm, E = 2.0 mm.

Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys "parasyscia" lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 11 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling & Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 8. Apomyrma CD01, male, photomicrographs (CASENT0086073, E. Prado). A. Head, frontal view. B. Body, lateral view. C. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm, B–C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 2. Pterothoracic venter morphology of representative hymenopterans. A. Tenthredinidae, female. B. Polistes (Vespidae), worker. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 13 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 13. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, C, E. Frontal view. B, D, F. Lateral view. — A–B. Tatuidris tatusia, Agroecomyrmecinae (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). C–D. Paraponera clavata, Paraponerinae (Guyana, CASENT0902407, R. Perry). E–F. Pseudoponera stigma, Ponerinae (Paraguay, CASENT0178182, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm, B = 0.5 mm, C, F = 1.0 mm, D = 2.0 mm, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm.

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Figs 239–245. Stenaelurillus hirsutus Lessert, 1927, holotype. 239. Male palp, ventral view. 240. Embolic division, retrolateral view. 241. Embolic division, dorsal view. 242. Embolic division, median view. 243–245 in Redefinition and partial revision of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)

Figs 239–245. Stenaelurillus hirsutus Lessert, 1927, holotype. 239. Male palp, ventral view. 240. Embolic division, retrolateral view. 241. Embolic division, dorsal view. 242. Embolic division, median view. 243–245. General appearance. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: 239–242 = 0.1 mm; 243–245 = 1 mm.