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FIGURE 13 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 13. Fred Stone peers through the gap between the lava slab and wall at the lower edge of the entrance to Māhiehie Cave. The slab obscures the entrance to the main cave passage. The configuration of the entrance and cave creates a possible trap for bats (see text for description).

FIGURE 11 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 11. Skeleton of Synemporion keana embedded in secondary mineral crust on the wall near the downslope end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 5 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 5. Lateral and occlusal views of the lower dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 4 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 4. Lateral and occlusal views of the upper dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Note that a small anterior upper premolar (P2), visible in occlusal view in Lasiurus, is absent in the holotype of Synemporion keana. This tooth is variably present in Synemporion, occurring somewhat more than 50% of the time and sometimes present on one side but absent on the other side in the same individual (see text for discussion).

FIGURE 1 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of the main Hawaiian Islands showing relative locations of the principle collecting sites of fossil Synemporion keana. See appendix 2 for list of specimens from each site and appendix 4 for detailed descriptions of each site. (1) Makawehi Point dunes; (2) Māhā'ulepū Limestone Sinkhole; (3) limestone sinkholes near Barbers Point; (4) Ulupa'u Head lake deposit; (5) Lua Lolo Piping Cave; (6) Pu'u Naio Cave; (7) Māhiehie Cave; (8) Pu'u Mākua Cave; (9) Ka'eleku Caverns; (10) Crystal Cave; (11) Kahāwaihapapa Cave; (12) 'Ūmi'i Manu Cave; (13) Kahuku Ranch Cave.

FIG. 4 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 4. Dorsal views of skulls. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (AMNH 267359), and M. pinheiroi (AMNH 267345). All views about ×3.

FIG. 3 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 3. Ventral views of skins. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (ROM 114144), M. pinheiroi (ROM 111558). Approximately life size.

FIG. 7 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 7. Forest vegetation at three Guyanese capture sites of Marmosops pakaraimae. Top, Mount Roraima, Third Camp (1000 m); bottom left, Mount Roraima, Second Camp (800 m); bottom right, Mount Ayanganna, First Plateau Camp (1100 m). Photos by Francis X. Faigal (Royal Ontario Museum).

FIG. 2 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 2. Dorsal views of skins. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (ROM 114144), M. pinheiroi (ROM 111558). Approximately life size.

FIG. 8 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 8. Bayesian phylogeny of ingroup terminals (maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses resulted in congruent topologies). Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent support from BI, ML, and MP analyses, with filled wedges corresponding to high support (posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, bootstrap ≥ 0.75%). Each terminal is identified by country of origin and an alphanumeric specimen identifier (from tables 2 or 3). Numbers in parentheses refer to localities mapped in figure 1 and listed in the gazetteer (appendix).

FIG. 1 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 1. Collecting localities of examined specimens of Marmosops pakaraimae, M. parvidens, and M. pinheiroi. Numbers are keyed to entries in the gazetteer (appendix).

FIG. 5 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 5. Ventral views of skulls. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (AMNH 267359), and M. pinheiroi (AMNH 267345). All views about ×3.

Fig. 97 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 97. Results of biogeographic analyses of 12 nonvolant rainforest mammal faunas (see table 55 for geographic coordinates and other locality information). Solid and broken contours enclosing various groups were drawn following the same conventions explained in the caption to figure 96. The raw (presence/absence) data on which both clustering and PAE were based are tabulated in appendix 2.

Fig. 95 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 95. Distribution of lowland rainforest on the Central and South American mainland (see Voss and Emmons, 1996, for references). Major habitat discontinuities delimit four distinct regions: (1) the Andes and the Serranía de Perijá separate transAndean rainforests to the west from Venezuelan coastal rainforests and Amazonian rainforests to the east; (2) the Llanos and the lower Orinoco separate Venezuelan coastal rainforests to the north and west from Amazonia to the south and east; (3) an arid diagonal of xeromorphic biomes (Caatinga, Cerrado, Chaco) separates Amazonia to the northwest from the Atlantic rainforests (Mata Atlantica) to the southeast. The location of our inventory site at Paracou is indicated by the arrow.

Fig. 94 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 94. Percent faunal similarity (Jaccard's coefficient of faunal similarity Χ 100) plotted against airline distance for all 45 pairwise comparisons among ten nonvolant rainforest mammal inventories (tables 62, 63).

Fig. 89 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 89. Analysis of faunal similarity among nonvolant mammal inventories from 12 Neotropical rainforest localities. Faunal similarity was quantified between each pair of localities (i, j) by Jaccard's coefficient, Jij = Cij/Tij, where Cij is the number of species common to both faunas and Tij is the total number of species in both faunas combined (Tij = Ni + Nj — Cij). Localities were clustered by the unweighted pairgroup method using arithmetic averages (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) for comparability with other recent biogeographic analyses of Neotropical vertebrates (e.g., da Silva and Sites, 1995). The bottom scale shows the clustering level in units of percent faunal similarity (J Χ 100). No historical or other causal interpretation is implied by these results, nor do we assume that a hierarchical model is necessarily appropriate except as a convenient summary graphic.

Fig. 93 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 93. Percent faunal similarity (Jaccard's coefficient of faunal similarity Χ 100) plotted against airline distance for all 45 pairwise comparisons among ten rainforest bat inventories (tables 62, 63).

Fig. 91 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 91. Species accumulation for all mammals at Paracou, where we recorded 128 species in the course of 202 field days from 1991 to 1994. ''Minimum known diversity'' (142 species) includes additional records obtained from interviews, together with specimens previously collected in our study area by other investigators.

Fig. 88 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 88. Twelve Neotropical rainforest localities from which nonvolant mammal diversity data were compiled for this report. See footnotes to table 55 for geographic coordinates and references.

Fig. 84 in The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species

Fig. 84. Results of groundlevel (conventional) trapping with Victor rat traps and Sherman live traps at Paracou, where 124 identifiable captures of 16 species of marsupials and rodents were obtained with 5960 trapnights of effort using this equipment in 1991 and 1992. Note the abrupt change of slope for cumulative captures after about 2600 trapnights in the upper graph.