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3,047 results for “maternal”
Maternal and cohort effects modulate offspring responses to multiple stressors
Current concerns about climate change has led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular on offspring of many invertebrate and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab Carcinus maenas) in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) changes if the same stressors are experienced at the time of embryogenesis in cohorts of mothers breeding eggs at different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salinity conditions experienced by egg-carrying mothers. Performance also varied among cohorts, suggesting a role for genetic variation, and/or maternal conditions prior to fertilisation. We speculate that similar maternal effects may occur in other brooding organisms, as a consequence of anthropogenic modification of the environment.
FETAL_PLANES_DB: Common maternal-fetal ultrasound images
<p>A large dataset of routinely acquired maternal-fetal screening ultrasound images collected from two different hospitals by several operators and ultrasound machines. All images were manually labeled by an expert maternal fetal clinician. Images are divided into 6 classes: four of the most widely used fetal anatomical planes (Abdomen, Brain, Femur and Thorax), the mother’s cervix (widely used for prematurity screening) and a general category to include any other less common image plane. Fetal brain images are further categorized into the 3 most common fetal brain planes (Trans-thalamic, Trans-cerebellum, Trans-ventricular) to judge fine grain categorization performance. Meta information (patient number, us machine, operator) is also provided, as well as the training-test split used in the Nature Sci Rep paper.</p>
Fitness measures of maternal transplants (seed fitness) and of the F1 generation (rosette diameter) of three translocated populations of Arnica montana in southern Belgium
<p>Fitness data measured in the framework of a genetic monitoring of translocated populations of the critically endangered Arnica montana. See Van Rossum et al. (2020) in Molecular Ecology for more details.</p>
Maternal predation risk increases offspring's exploration but does not affect schooling behavior
<p>The environment that parents experience can influence their reproductive output and their offspring's fitness via parental effects. Perceived predation risk can affect both parent and offspring phenotype, but it remains unclear to what extent offspring behavioral traits are affected when the mother is exposed to predation risk. This is particularly unclear in live-bearing species where maternal effects could occur during embryogenesis. Here, using a <i>half-sib</i> design to control for paternal effects, we experimentally exposed females of a live-bearing fish, the guppy (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>), to visual predator cues and conspecific alarm cues during their gestation. Females exposed to predation risk cues increased their anti-predator behaviors throughout the entire treatment. Offspring of mothers exposed to the predation stimuli exhibited more pronounced exploratory behavior, but did not show any significant differences in their schooling behavior, compared to controls. Thus, while maternally perceived risk affected offspring's exploration during early stages of life, offspring's schooling behavior could be influenced more by direct environmental experience, rather than via maternal cues. Our results suggest a rather limited role in predator-induced maternal effects on the behavior of juvenile guppies.</p>
Prolonged maternal investment in northern bottlenose whales alters our understanding of beaked whale reproductive life history
<div>Nursing and weaning periods are poorly understood in cetaceans due to the difficulty of assessing underwater behaviour in the wild. However, the onset and completion of weaning are critical turning points for individual development and survival, with implications for a species life history including reproductive potential. δ15N and δ13C deposited in odontocete teeth annuli provide a lifetime record of diet, offering an opportunity to investigate variation and trends in fundamental biology. While available reproductive parameters for beaked whales have largely been inferred from single records of stranded or hunted animals and extrapolated across species, here we examine the weaning strategy and duration of nursing in northern bottlenose whales (<i>Hyperoodon ampullatus</i>) by measuring stable isotopes deposited in teeth growth layer groups (GLGs). Using a collection of <i>H. ampullatus </i>teeth taken from whales killed during the whaling era (N = 48) and from two stranded specimens, we compared ontogenetic variation of δ15N and δ13C found in annual GLGs across all individuals, by sex and by region. We detected age-based trends in both δ15N and δ13C that are consistent across regions and males and females, and indicate that nursing is prolonged and weaning does not conclude until whales are 3-4 years old, substantially later than previous estimates of 1 year. Incorporating a prolonged period of maternal care into <i>H. ampullatus</i> life history significantly reduces their reproductive potential, with broad implications for models of beaked whale life history, energetics and the species' recovery from whaling.</div>
Maternal and paternal age effects on male antler flies: a field experiment
<p><span>In many species, parental age at reproduction can influence offspring performance and lifespan, but the direction of these effects and the traits affected vary among studies. Data on parental age effects are still scarce in non-captive populations, especially insects, despite species such as fruit flies being models in laboratory-based aging research. We performed a biologically relevant experimental manipulation of maternal and paternal age at reproduction of antler flies (<i>Protopiophila litigata</i>) in the laboratory and tracked the adult lifespan and reproductive success of their male offspring released in the wild. Increased paternal, but not maternal, age somewhat increased sons' adult lifespan, while parental ages did not influence sons' mating rate or reproductive senescence. Our results indicate that while parental age effects do exist in an insect in the field, they may be beneficial in such a short-lived animal, in contrast to results from most wild vertebrates and laboratory invertebrates.</span></p>
Sex-specific intergenerational plasticity I: maternal and paternal effects on sons and daughters
<p>1. Intergenerational plasticity or parental effects – when parental environments alter the phenotype of future generations – can influence how organisms cope with environmental change. An intriguing, underexplored possibility is that sex –of both the parent and the offspring – plays an important role in driving the evolution of intergenerational plasticity in both adaptive and nonadaptive ways.</p> <p>2. Here, we evaluate the potential for sex-specific parental effects in a freshwater population of threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by independently and jointly manipulating maternal and paternal experiences and separately evaluating their phenotypic effects in sons versus daughters. We tested the adaptive hypothesis that daughters are more responsive to cues from their mother, while sons are more responsive to cues from their father.</p> <p>3. We exposed mothers, fathers, or both parents to visual cues of predation risk and measured offspring antipredator traits and brain gene expression.</p> <p>4. Predator-exposed fathers produced sons that were more risk-prone, while predator-exposed mothers produced more anxious sons and daughters. Further, maternal and paternal effects on offspring survival were nonadditive: offspring with a predator-exposed father, but not two predator-exposed parents, had lower survival against live predators. There were also strong sex-specific effects on brain gene expression: exposing mothers versus fathers to predation risk activated different transcriptional profiles in their offspring, and sons and daughters strongly differed in the ways in which their brain gene expression profiles were influenced by parental experience.</p> <p>5. We found little evidence to support the hypothesis that offspring prioritize their same-sex parent's experience. Parental effects varied with both the sex of the parent and the offspring in complicated and nonadditive ways. Failing to account for these sex-specific patterns (e.g., by pooling sons and daughters) would have underestimated the magnitude of parental effects. Altogether, these results draw attention to the potential for sex to influence patterns of intergenerational plasticity and raise new questions about the interface between intergenerational plasticity and sex-specific selective pressures, sexual conflict, and sexual selection. </p>
Temporal variation in maternal nest choice and its consequences for lizard embryos
Microhabitat choice of nest sites is an important maternal effect that influences the survival and development of embryos in oviparous species. Embryos of many species display a high degree of plasticity in response to developmental environments, which places maternal nesting behavior under strong selective pressure, particularly in temporally-changing environments. Nesting behavior varies widely across taxa that exhibit diverse reproductive strategies. The brown anole (Anolis sagrei), for example, lays one egg every 7-10 days across an extended reproductive season from April to October. This aspect of their reproduction provides an opportunity to examine temporal shifts in nesting behavior and its consequences on egg survival and offspring development under seasonally-changing climatic conditions. We conducted a two-part study to quantify temporal variation in maternal nesting behavior and its effect on development of A. sagrei embryos. First, we measured nest microenvironments over the nesting season. Second, we "planted" eggs across the landscape at our field site to examine the influence of nest conditions on egg survival and hatchling phenotypes. We also incubated eggs inside chambers in the field to decouple effects of nest moisture from those of other environmental variables (e.g., temperature).Females chose nest sites with higher moisture and lower temperatures relative to what was generally available across the landscape during the nesting season. In addition, eggs exposed to relatively cool temperatures had higher hatching success, and high nest moisture increased egg survival and body condition of hatchlings. Overall, we provide evidence in the field that maternal nesting behavior facilitates offspring survival.
Increased sperm production linked to competition in the maternal social environment
<p>Maternal or early life effects may prepare offspring for similar social conditions to those experienced by their mothers. For males, the ability to achieve mating and fertilisation success is a key social challenge. Competitive conditions may therefore favour increased body size or ejaculate production in male offspring. We tested this experimentally by comparing reproductive traits of adult male bank voles (<i>Myodes glareolus</i>), whose mothers had experienced contrasting encounter regimes with female conspecifics while breeding. We found that daily sperm production rates and epididymis mass were significantly higher when dams had experienced more frequent encounters with female conspecifics. This response to maternal and early life experience was specific to sperm production and storage, with no evidence for effects on male body mass or the size of testes and accessory reproductive glands. Our findings reveal a potentially adaptive effect of maternal and early-life experience on the development of sperm production, which is worthy of wider investigation.</p>
Data from: Sources of variation in maternal allocation in a long-lived mammal
<p>Life history theory predicts allocation of energy to reproduction varies with maternal age but additional maternal features may be important to the allocation of energy to reproduction. We aimed to characterize age-specific variation in maternal allocation and assess the relationship between maternal allocation and other static and dynamic maternal features. Mass measurements of 531 mothers and pups were used with Bayesian hierarchical models to explain the relationship between diverse maternal attributes and both the proportion of mass allocated by Weddell seal mothers, and the efficiency of mass transfer from mother to pup during lactation as well as the weaning mass of pups. Our results demonstrated that maternal mass was strongly and positively associated with the relative reserves allocated by a mother and a pup's weaning mass but that the efficiency of mass transfer declines with maternal parturition mass. Birthdate was positively associated with proportion mass allocation and pup weaning mass, but mass transfer efficiency was predicted to be highest at the mean birthdate. The relative allocation of maternal reserves declined with maternal age but the efficiency of mass transfer to pups increases, suggestive of selective disappearance of poor-quality mothers. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple maternal features when assessing variation in maternal allocation.</p>
Data from: Adaptive maternal investment in the wild? Links between maternal growth trajectory and offspring size, growth, and survival in contrasting environments
Life history theory predicts that investment per offspring should correlate negatively with the quality of environment offspring are anticipated to encounter; parents may use their own experience as juveniles to predict this environment and may modulate offspring traits such as growth capacity as well as initial size. We manipulated nutrient levels in the juvenile habitat of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to investigate the hypothesis that the egg size maximizing juvenile growth and survival depends on environmental quality. We also tested whether offspring traits were related to parental growth trajectory. Mothers that grew fast when young produced more, smaller offspring than mothers that had grown slowly to reach the same size. Despite their size disadvantage, offspring of faster-growing mothers grew faster than those of slow-growing mothers in all environments, counter to the expectation that they would be competitively disadvantaged. However, they had lower relative survival in environments where the density of older predatory/competitor fish was relatively high. These links between maternal (but not paternal) growth trajectory and offspring survival rate were independent of egg size, underscoring that mothers may be adjusting egg traits other than size to suit the anticipated environment faced by their offspring.
Data from: Transgenerational effects in an ecological context: conditioning of adult sea urchins to upwelling conditions alters maternal provisioning and progeny phenotype
Transgenerational plasticity occurs when the conditions experienced by the parental generation influences the phenotype of their progeny. This may in turn affect progeny performance and physiological tolerance, providing a means by which organisms cope with rapid environmental change. We conditioned adult purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, to combined pCO2 and temperature conditions reflective of in situ conditions of their natural habitat, the benthos in kelp forests of nearshore California, and then assessed the performance of their progeny raised under different pCO2 levels. Adults were conditioned during gametogenesis to treatments that reflected static non-upwelling (~650 μatm pCO2, ~17°C) and upwelling (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) conditions. Following approximately 4 months of conditioning, the adults were spawned and embryos were raised under low pCO2 (~450 μatm pCO2) or high pCO2 (~1050 μatm pCO2) treatments to determine if differential maternal conditioning impacted the progeny response to a single abiotic stressor: pCO2. We examined the size, protein content, and lipid content of eggs from both sets of conditioned female urchins. Offspring were sampled at four stages of early development: hatched blastula, gastrula, prism, and echinopluteus. This resulted in four sets of offspring: (1) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, (2) progeny from non-upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2, (3) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under low pCO2, and (4) progeny from upwelling-conditioned mothers raised under high pCO2. We then assessed the effects of maternal conditioning along with the effects of developmental pCO2 levels on body size of the progeny. Our results showed that differential maternal conditioning had no impact on average egg size, although non-upwelling females produced eggs that were more variable in size. Maternal conditioning did not affect protein content but did have a modest impact on egg lipid content. Developing embryos whose mothers were conditioned to simulated upwelling conditions (~1300 μatm pCO2, ~13°C) were greater in body size, although this effect was no longer evident at the echinopluteus larval stage. Although maternal conditioning affected offspring body size, the pCO2 levels under which the embryos were raised did not. Overall, this laboratory study provides insight into how transgenerational effects may function in nature. The impacts of parental environmental history on progeny phenotype during early development have important implications regarding recruitment success and population-level effects.
Data from: Maternal oxidative stress and reproduction: testing the constraint, cost and shielding hypotheses in a wild mammal
1. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a central causal mechanism underlying the life history trade-off between current and future reproduction and survival in wild animals. 2. Whereas mixed evidence suggests that maternal oxidative stress may act both as a constraint and a cost to reproduction, some studies have reported a lack of association between reproduction and maternal oxidative stress. 3. The oxidative shielding hypothesis offers an alternative explanation, suggesting that mothers may pre-emptively mitigate the oxidative costs of reproduction by increasing antioxidant defences prior to reproduction. 4. We tested the oxidative constraint, cost, and shielding hypotheses using a longitudinal field study of oxidative stress levels in a species that breeds using daily energy income, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus). 5. Elevated maternal oxidative damage prior to reproduction was associated with higher maternal investment in litter mass at birth, but not at weaning. 6. Breeding females increased their antioxidant capacity and decreased their oxidative damage from birth to lactation compared to non-breeding females measured at the same time periods. However, lower maternal oxidative stress during lactation was not associated with higher offspring survival or mass growth over this period. 7. Our results provide little evidence for maternal oxidative stress acting as a constraint on, or cost to, reproduction in Columbian ground squirrels, but partially support the idea that oxidative shielding occurred to buffer potential oxidative costs of reproduction.
Paysanne française (maternity)
Aimé-Jules Dalou (1838-1902) Maternity (also known as French Peasant or Paysanne française) Terracotta, signed DALOU French, c. 1873-80 During his nine-year exile in England, Dalou produced a series of statuettes of women from across the classes in a style of gentle realism, which commented on the highly stratified nature of modern society. Many were exhibited at The Royal Academy, including an earlier version of this group, which shows a French peasant girl seated on an upturned basket, suckling her child. Despite its humble subject-matter, the composition became immediately popular and was reproduced in different sizes and materials including bronze, marble, and biscuit porcelain by the Sevres factory. I was aso circulated as an engraving, which was copied by Vincent Van Gogh. https://data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/id/object/29862 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Assessing the Nature and Quality of Emergency Obstetric Care for Preventing Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in 8 Secondary and Tertiary Hospitals in Nigeria: Results of a Formative Research Study
<p>Nigeria suffers some of the highest rates of maternal and perinatal mortality in the world. Poor quality of obstetric care is a key factor, and although not quantified at a national level, local studies suggest that high rates of maternal and perinatal deaths are due to clinical management errors in hospitals. This project therefore explored the nature of existing practices and quality of clinical management of three leading causes of maternal and perinatal deaths (primary postpartum haemorrhage, eclampsia, and obstructed labour); implement an intervention package aimed at improving the quality of clinical management of these causes of deaths; and test the effectiveness of this package on quality of care indicators and maternal and perinatal outcomes. </p> <p>The study follows a quasi-experimental research design, using interrupted time series analysis for assessment over a three year period. Six public secondary care hospitals and two public tertiary care hospitals in both north and south of Nigeria were selected randomly. Formative research was conducted in all eight hospitals, and thereafter the intervention will be carried out in four hospitals, with the remaining four hospitals functioning as control sites. </p> <p>Clinical outcomes will be compared between intervention and control sites in a total of 2334 cases of PPH, preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstructed labour (based on an anticipated 50% reduction in case fatality rates, significance level of 0.05 and 80% power). This will consist of 1167 cases in the intervention sites and 1167 in the control sites. Maternal and perinatal mortality rates will serve as primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes involve quality of care drawn from United Nations process indicators, skilled attendance index and data derived from this formative audit phase of the project.</p> <p>The results will enable the identification of a system-wide quality of care framework for improving the delivery of emergency obstetric care for the prevention of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria.</p>
Assessing the Nature and Quality of Emergency Obstetric Care for Preventing Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in 8 Secondary and Tertiary Hospitals in Nigeria: Results of a Formative Research Study
<p>Nigeria suffers some of the highest rates of maternal and perinatal mortality in the world. Poor quality of obstetric care is a key factor, and although not quantified at a national level, local studies suggest that high rates of maternal and perinatal deaths are due to clinical management errors in hospitals. This project therefore explored the nature of existing practices and quality of clinical management of three leading causes of maternal and perinatal deaths (primary postpartum haemorrhage, eclampsia, and obstructed labour); implement an intervention package aimed at improving the quality of clinical management of these causes of deaths; and test the effectiveness of this package on quality of care indicators and maternal and perinatal outcomes. </p> <p>The study follows a quasi-experimental research design, using interrupted time series analysis for assessment over a three year period. Six public secondary care hospitals and two public tertiary care hospitals in both north and south of Nigeria were selected randomly. Formative research was conducted in all eight hospitals, and thereafter the intervention will be carried out in four hospitals, with the remaining four hospitals functioning as control sites.</p> <p>Clinical outcomes will be compared between intervention and control sites in a total of 2334 cases of PPH, preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstructed labour (based on an anticipated 50% reduction in case fatality rates, significance level of 0.05 and 80% power). This will consist of 1167 cases in the intervention sites and 1167 in the control sites. Maternal and perinatal mortality rates will serve as primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes involve quality of care drawn from United Nations process indicators, skilled attendance index and data derived from this formative audit phase of the project.</p> <p>The results will enable the identification of a system-wide quality of care framework for improving the delivery of emergency obstetric care for the prevention of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria</p>
Assessing the Impact of an Intervention to Improve the Quality of Emergency Obstetric Care on Maternal Health in Nigeria
<p>Nigeria suffers some of the highest rates of maternal and perinatal mortality in the world. Poor quality of obstetric care is a key factor, and although not quantified at a national level, local studies suggest that high rates of maternal and perinatal deaths are due to clinical management errors in hospitals. This project therefore explored the nature of existing practices and quality of clinical management of three leading causes of maternal and perinatal deaths (primary postpartum haemorrhage, eclampsia, and obstructed labour); implement an intervention package aimed at improving the quality of clinical management of these causes of deaths; and test the effectiveness of this package on quality of care indicators and maternal and perinatal outcomes. </p> <p> </p> <p>The study follows a quasi-experimental research design, using interrupted time series analysis for assessment over a three year period. Six public secondary care hospitals and two public tertiary care hospitals in both north and south of Nigeria were selected randomly. Formative research was conducted in all eight hospitals, and thereafter the intervention will be carried out in four hospitals, with the remaining four hospitals functioning as control sites. The package consists of training in use of evidence-based clinical protocols on postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstructed labour, audit and feedback, reminders, commodity supply monitoring and replenishments and patients’ education. </p> <p> </p> <p>Clinical outcomes will be compared between intervention and control sites in a total of 2334 cases of PPH, preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstructed labour (based on an anticipated 50% reduction in case fatality rates, significance level of 0.05 and 80% power). This will consist of 1167 cases in the intervention sites and 1167 in the control sites. Maternal and perinatal mortality rates will serve as primary outcome measures. Secondary outcomes involve quality of care drawn from United Nations process indicators, skilled attendance index and data derived from the formative audit phase of the project.</p> <p> </p> <p>The results will enable the identification of a system-wide quality of care framework for improving the delivery of emergency obstetric care for the prevention of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria.</p>
Genotypes and geographic positions of 5797 European white oaks from 636 locations genotyped at 355 nuclear SNPs and 28 maternally inherited SNPs of the chloroplast and mitochondria
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The data set is the result of genetic inventory on 5797 white oaks collected at 636 locations all over Europe. The oaks trees were assigned in forest inventories as <em>Quercus robur</em> </span><em>L.</em> <span>(3342), <em>Quercus petraea </em></span><em>Matt</em>. <span>(2090), <em>Quercus pubescens </em></span><em>Willd</em>. <span>(170) or as unspecified <em>Quercus</em>. spp. (195). The sampling had a focus on central and east Europe as well as the Black Sea and Caucasus region. All individuals were genotyped at 355 nuclear SNPs and 28 maternally inherited SNPs of the chloroplast and mitochondria. The combination of the maternally inherited SNPs resulted in 26 different haplotypes. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The genotype of each individual is one row in the csv-file "genotypes". The genotypes at the nuclear markers are diploid and represented by two columns per gene marker. The genetic information at the organelle genome is haploid. For each of these gene markers one column is used. Genotypes are coded by Arabic numbers. The meaning of the numbers is explained in the table "coding genotypes" in a second csv-file. Each Individual has a unique "Genotype_ID" and a "Thuenen_Sample_ID". The "Thuenen_Sample_ID" is a unique ID that serves to identify the sample in our depository at the Thuenen Institute of Forest Genetics. Each individual has data on the geographic origin given as "Longitude" and "Latitude" in decimal degrees. For each individual the putative oak species ("Putative species") as it has been assigned in the forest inventories is given. The numbers of the "Haplotype" represent the multilocus combination of the mitochondrial and chloroplast SNPs of that individual.</span></p>
The biology of prolonged lactation in wild Macaca sinica: Interbirth intervals, maternal depletion, infant mortality
<p>A sample of 442 female toque macaques distributed among 39 independent social groups were briefly captured, sedated, and released (within one day) during 13 different years in the period 1986-2002 at the natural forest site of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, where long-term sociobiological research has been conducted (1968 to 2023). All macaques were individually identified and had known life-histories. Lactation was determined by testing females for the presence of absence of milk by manually massaging the mammary tissue. Female reproduction in this wild population was depicted from different perspectives. Firstly, lactation and weaning were linked to offspring age, as well as to female reproductive status (cycling, gestation, and quiescence). A second data set examines interbirth intervals in relation to lactation duration, diet, and somatic growth or parity. Differences in diet quality were also related to menarche. A third data set examined female body condition (using skinfold thickness as a measure of % body fat) to diet quality and differences in the expenditure of foraging time between lactating and non-lactating females. A fourth data set considered the relation between infant mortality during peak lactation and the depletion of female metabolic energy balance as indexed by early weaning (cessation of lactation) and a shift to female reproductive quiescence. In the publication some of these data were integrated with mother-infant behavioral relationships as cited from an independent study of the same population. A final data set indicates the names of participants who contributed to both the long-term demographic records, milk collections and estimates human effort for different phases of this research.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic conflict between species tree and maternally inherited gene trees in a clade of Emberiza buntings (Aves: Emberizidae)
<p>Different genomic regions may reflect conflicting phylogenetic topologies on account of incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow. Genomic data are necessary to reconstruct the true species tree and explore potential causes of phylogenetic conflict. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships of four <em>Emberiza</em> species (Aves: Emberizidae) and discuss the potential causes of the observed mitochondrial non-monophyly of <em>Emberiza godlewskii</em> (Godlewski's bunting) using phylogenomic analyses based on whole genome resequencing data from 41 birds. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the whole mitochondrial genome and ~39 kilobases from the non-recombining W chromosome reveal that the northern and southern populations of <em>E. godlewskii</em> are each sister to <em>E. cioides</em> and <em>E. cia</em>, respectively. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide data support the monophyly of <em>E. godlewskii</em> with the following tree topology: (((<em>E. godlewskii</em>, <em>E. cia</em>), <em>E. cioides</em>), <em>E. jankowskii</em>).<em> </em>Using D-statistics, we detected multiple gene flow events among different lineages, indicating pervasive introgressive hybridization within this clade. Introgression from an unsampled lineage that is sister to <em>E. cioides</em> or introgression from an unsampled mitochondrial + W chromosomal lineage of <em>E. cioides</em> into northern <em>E. godlewskii </em>may explain the phylogenetic conflict between the species tree estimated from genome-wide data and mtDNA/W trees. These results underscore the importance of using genomic data for phylogenetic reconstruction and species delimitation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.