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Fig 4 from: Gardiner T, Fargeaud K (2020) Microhabitats of planted sea wall strips used by pollinators and Orthoptera. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 77-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.34452
Fig 4 Roesel's bush-cricket (Roeseliana roeselii) nymph on a planted teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) leaf in 2019. Photo credit: T. Gardiner.
Fig 2 from: Gardiner T, Fargeaud K (2020) Microhabitats of planted sea wall strips used by pollinators and Orthoptera. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 77-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.34452
Fig 2 Principal components for the adult (grasshopper and R. roeselii), sward height/variability, and rabbit grazing data. PC1 represents sward height, PC2 represents R. roeselii adult density.
Fig 1 from: Gardiner T, Fargeaud K (2020) Microhabitats of planted sea wall strips used by pollinators and Orthoptera. Journal of Orthoptera Research 29(1): 77-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.29.34452
Fig 1 Principal components for the nymph (grasshopper and R. roeselii), sward height/variability, and rabbit grazing data. PC1 represents sward height, PC2 represents R. roeselii nymph density.
Metabolic rate interacts with resource availability to determine individual variation in microhabitat use in the wild
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Ecological pressures such as competition can lead individuals within a population to partition resources or habitats, but the underlying intrinsic mechanisms that determine an individual's resource use are not well understood. Here we show that an individual's own energy demand and associated competitive ability influence its resource use, but only when food is more limiting. We tested whether intraspecific variation in metabolic rate leads to microhabitat partitioning among juvenile Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) in natural streams subjected to manipulated nutrient levels and subsequent <i>per capita</i> food availability. We found that individual salmon from families with a higher baseline (standard) metabolic rate (which is associated with greater competitive ability) tended to occupy faster flowing water, but only in streams with lower <i>per capita</i> food availability. Faster flowing microhabitats yield more food, but high metabolic rate fish only benefited from faster growth in streams with high food levels, presumably because in low food environments the cost of a high metabolism offset the benefits of acquiring a productive microhabitat. The benefits of a given metabolic rate were thus context-dependent. These results demonstrate that intraspecific variation in metabolic rate can interact with resource availability to determine the spatial structuring of wild populations.</p>
Figure 6 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 6 Factorial diagram of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis, including environmental variables (wave height, wave period, swash time, organic matter%, rainfall and frequency of storm wave events) and macrofauna species on Grussaí and Manguinhos beaches. Ab: Atlantorchestoideabrasiliensis; Dh: Donaxhanleyanus; Eb: Emeritabrasiliensis; Exb: Excirolanabraziliensis; Hc: Hemipodiacaliforniensis; Mys: Mysida sp.; Nem: Nemertea; Olig: Oligochaeta; Ov: Olivancillariavesica; Pen: Peneidae; Pue: Puelche sp.; Sco: Scolelepis sp.; Tt: Talorchestiatucurauna.
Figure 4 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 4 Number of species (richness) and density (individuals/m2) for the dissipative (Manguinhos Beach) and intermediate (Grussaí Beach) beaches in the dry (July/2012, August/2012, July/2013 and September/2013) and rainy (January/2013, February/2013, March/2014 and April/2014) seasons.
Figure 3 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 3 Monthly discharge of Paraíba do Sul River and rainfall. River discharge and rainfall are correlated variables (R> 0.5). Rainfall data refer to Campos dos Goytacazes municipality (40–50 km from Grussaí and Manguinhos beaches) and was obtained from National Institute for Meteorology (INMET: http://www.inmet.gov.br).
Figure 5 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 5 Regression analysis of the macrofauna richness and density as function of the number of storm wave events (SWE) and wave height, respectively. The pink dots represent each dependent (marine debris on ghost crab burrow) and independent variables (distance from urban settlements). Blue shaded area indicates 95% confidence intervals and pink line is the distribution of residuals. Blue line is the regression straight. Only significant (p < 0.05) predictors were considered in the effects plot.
Figure 2 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 2 Sampling design for macrofauna collection in the intertidal zone. Each station included three pooled samplings per strata (upper, middle and lower) of the intertidal zone as sampling unit.
Figure 1 from: Ferreira GS, Almeida dos Santos DA, Lopes EV (2019) Richness, abundance and microhabitat use by Ardeidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) during one seasonal cycle in the floodplain lakesof the lower Amazon River. Zoologia 36: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e30475
Figure 1 Map of the study area showing Grussaí Beach and Manguinhos Beach, in northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Spinning in the rain: interactions between spider web morphology and microhabitat use
<p>Although the effects of abiotic factors on species distributions and habitat selection have been widely investigated, studies have rarely succeeded at identifying the factors behind selection at the microhabitat level. Spider webs are extended phenotypes expected to be subject to fitness trade-offs. We tested the hypothesis that spiders with three-dimensional webs (tangle and sheet-and-tangle), which require more material to be built than two-dimensional orbicular webs, occupy microhabitats where they are better protected from strong rains. We show that tangle and sheet-and-tangle webs were indeed significantly more likely to be under immediate cover than expected by chance and than orb webs. Tangle webs occurred closest to the cover and were largely protected, whereas sheet-and-tangle webs, likely due to their larger size and mostly horizontal position, tended to be more exposed. Sheet-and-tangle webs, however, occurred more often against tree trunks, where we show rain to be less intense. We further show that the proportion of 3D webs under immediate cover increased with annual precipitation along a dry to wet gradient in western Ecuador, an effect absent for 2D webs. The latter finding suggests that, in addition to using leaves for structural support, spiders with 3D webs seek microhabitat locations to shelter themselves from strong rains. Our findings illustrate how microhabitat selection may allow organisms to cope with abiotic factors at broader geographical scales, thus influencing organismal fitness and community structure.</p>
Figure 5 in Microhabitat use by Mediterranean ribbed newts: newts in highly fluctuating conditions?
Figure 5. Structure of the mesohabitats of each species in the genus Pleurodeles.
Data from: Exploring the nature of ecological specialization in a coral reef fish community: morphology, diet, and foraging microhabitat use
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Spinning in the rain: interactions between spider web morphology and microhabitat use
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Metabolic rate interacts with resource availability to determine individual variation in microhabitat use in the wild
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Figure 3 in Thermal ecologyı activity patternı habitatı and microhabitats used by the skink Mabuya arajara (Squamata: Scincidae) in the Araripe Plateauı northeastern Brazil
Figure 3. Phylogeny of Mabuya species showing the mapping of ecological characteristics. Abbreviations: PA = Activity Pattern: D = Diurnal, N = Some activity nocturnal, U = Unimodal; H = Habitats: R = Restinga, AF = Amazonian Forest, GF = Galery forests in Savannahs, OA = Open areas, S = Savannah, CA = Caatinga, OFA = Open and forested areas, MF = Montane fields, BA = Brejos-de-altitude (Relictual forests) in Northeastern of the Brazil, AR = Atlantic rainforest, IS = Islands from Costa southeastern Brazil, FE = Forest edges, GA = Grassland area, P = Pantanal, *Restricted to the courses of the main rivers of the Amazon basin; PD = Patterns distribution: CW = Central West of the Brazil, NEB = Northeastern Brazil, NAB = Northwest of the North of Brazil, CPS = Coastal plains of southeastern Brazil, SB = Southeastern Brazil, W = Western Brazil, NB = Northern Brazil, S = Southern Brazil; M = microhabitat: Fl = fallen logs, trunk, or limb, Lt = live tree trunk or branch, Ll = leaf litter, R = rocks, Ca = cacti, Uv = about undergrowth vegetation, G = ground, Bu = bushes/shrubs, Br = bromelicolous, As = Artificial substrate, Ss = sandy soils, Fp = Fallen palm leaf, Fp = Fallen palm leaf; H = Habit: T = Terrestrial, SGA = Some grau of arboreality, SX = Saxicolous, B = Bromelicolous; Reference: 1 = Andersson (1918), 2 = Dunn (1935), 3 = Vanzolini and Reboucas-Spieker (1976), 4 = Rebouças-Spieker (1974), 5 = Rebouças-Spieker (1981), 6 = Vitt and Blackburn (1983), 7 = Rebouças-Spieker and Vanzolini (1990), 8 = Vitt (1991), 9 = Vitt and Blackburn (1991), 10 = Blackburn and Vitt (1992), 11 = Ávila-Pires (1995), 12 = Vitt (1995), 13 = Vitt et al. (1997), 14 = Rocha and Vrcibradic (1996), 15 = Vitt and Zani (1998), 16 = Vrcibradic and Rocha (1998), 17 = Vitt et al. (1999), 18 = Mesquita et al. (2000), 19 = Hatano et al., (2001), 20 = Rodrigues (2002), 21 = Vrcibradic and Rocha (2002), 22 = Moravec and Aparicio (2004), 23 = Vrcibradic et al. (2004), 24 = Vrcibradic and Rocha (2005), 25 = Mesquita et al. (2006), 26 = Miralles et al. (2009), 27 = Mesquita and Colli (2010), 28 = Ribeiro et al. (2012a), 29 = Ribeiro (2012).
Figure 2 in Thermal ecologyı activity patternı habitatı and microhabitats used by the skink Mabuya arajara (Squamata: Scincidae) in the Araripe Plateauı northeastern Brazil
Figure 2. Period of activity of Mabuya arajara throughout the day (above left), temperature environment (above right), luminosity (below left), relative humidity (%) (below right). Slopes of the Araripe Plateau, northeast Brazil. Period September 2009 to July 2010.
Data from: Behavior, morphology, and microhabitat use: what drives individual niche variation?
Generalist populations are often composed of individuals each specialized on only a subset of the resources exploited by the entire population. However, the traits underlying such niche variation remain underexplored. Classically, ecologists have focused on understanding why populations vary in their degree of intraspecific niche variation, with less attention paid to how individual-level traits lead to intraspecific differences in niches. We investigated how differences in behavior, morphology, and microhabitat affect niche variation between- and within-individuals in two species of spider Anelosimus studiosus and Theridion murarium. Our results convey that behavior (i.e., individual aggressiveness) was a key driver of intraspecific trophic variation in both species. More aggressive individuals capture more prey, but particularly more Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. These findings suggest that behavioral traits play a critical role in determining individuals' diet, and that behavior can be a powerful force in driving intraspecific niche variation.
[Retracted] Data from: Behavior, morphology, and microhabitat use: what drives individual niche variation?
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