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FIGURES 18–19 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 18–19. Distribution of high altitude Nepticulidae and collecting in the Peruvian Andes. 18, distribution map; 19, collector and co-author Ole Karsholt in Polylepis forest during Polylepis Expedition organized by Prof. Dr. Jon Fjeldså (the leader of the Polylepis Expeditions, ZMUC) in 1987.

FIGURES 61–66 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 61–66. Bionomics and female genitalia of Stigmella lachemillae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 61, habitat, grass páramo (predominantly along streams in sheltered damp ravines); 62, 63, host-plant Lachemilla orbiculata (Ruiz & Pav.) Rydb. (Rosaceae); 64, 65, leaf-mines; 66, female genitalia, slide no. AD664 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 1–5 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 1–5. Habitats: grass páramo near volcano Chimborazo (Ecuador: Chimborazo Province) at altitudes about 3980– 4000 m. 1, 2, habitat of Stigmella gynoxyphaga sp. n. and S. tripartita Diškus & Stonis, 1°31'20"S, 78°50'27"W; 3–5, habitat of S. lachemillae sp. n. and S. calceolariae sp. n., 1°45'41"S, 78°48'51"W.

FIGURES 11–15 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 11–15. Habitats: shrub and grass-dominated páramo, SE of Papallacta Pass (Ecuador: Napo Province) at altitudes about 3700–3800 m, 0°21'45"S, 78°11'35"W.

FIGURES 113–117 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 113–117. Stigmella auriargentata Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. 113, male adult, holotype; 114, male genitalia, holotype, genitalia slide no. RA537, phallus; 115, 116, same, capsule without phallus; 117, female genitalia, paratype, genitalia slide no. RA542 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 72–76 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 72–76. Bionomics and female genitalia of Stigmella gynoxyphaga Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 72–74, host-plant Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. (Asteraceae); 75, leaf-mine; 76, female genitalia, paratype, slide no. AD629 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 49–54 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 49–54. Stigmella confertae Diškus & Stonis. 49, forewing; 50, host-plant Baccharis conferta Kunth (Asteraceae); 51, female genitalia, holotype, genitalia slide AD638 (ZMUC); 52–54, leaf-mines.

FIGURES 128–132. Stigmella imperatoria Puplesis & Robinson. 128, 129 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 128–132. Stigmella imperatoria Puplesis & Robinson. 128, 129, male adult, holotype; 130, male genitalia, capsule with phallus, holotype, genitalia slide no. Diškus195; 131, same, uncus and gnathos; 132, same, phallus (ZMUC).

FIGURES 16–17 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 16–17. Distribution of high altitude Stigmella species in the Ecuadorian Andes. 16, habitat of Stigmella paramica sp. nov. and S. confertae Diškus & Stonis, 3700–3800 m, 0°21'45"S, 78°11'35"W; 17, distribution map.

FIGURES 67–71 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 67–71. Male genitalia of Stigmella gynoxyphaga Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., genitalia slide no. AD662 (ZMUC). 67, uncus, 68, apical part of valva; 69, capsule without phallus, ventral view; 70, same, dorsal view; 71, phallus.

FIGURES 44–48 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 44–48. Bionomics of Stigmella paramica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 44, 45, host-plant Pentacalia sp. (Asteraceae); 46–48, leaf-mines.

FIGURES 88–92 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 88–92. Stigmella tripartita Diškus & Stonis. 88, host-plant Baccharis buxifolia (Lam.) Pers. (Asteraceae); 89, male forewing, reconstructed from adult still enclosed within the pupa shell; 90, male genitalia, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD624; 91, same, holotype, genitalia slide no. AD622, capsule without phallus, dorsal view; 92, same, ventral view (ZMUC).

FIGURES 39–43 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 39–43. Genitalia of Stigmella paramica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. 39, male genitalia, uncus and gnathos, holotype, temporary mount in glycerol no. AD611; 40, same, phallus, paratype, permanent genitalia slide in Euparal no. AD612; 41, same, capsule without phallus, holotype, permanent genitalia slide no. AD611, ventral view; 42, same, paratype, genitalia slide no. AD620; 43, female genitalia, paratype, slide no. AD619 (ZMUC).

FIGURES 30–31 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 30–31. Morphology of genitalia of high-Andean Stigmella, Nepticulidae. 30, male genitalia of S. altimontana sp.n.; 31, female genitalia of S. clinopodiella sp. n.

FIGURES 108–112 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna

FIGURES 108–112. Stigmella pseudorobusta Remeikis & Stonis, sp. nov. 108, male adult, holotype; 109, male genitalia, holotype, genitalia slide no. RA568, phallus; 110, same, capsule without phallus; 111, same, uncus and gnathos; 112, female genitalia, paratype, genitalia slide no. RA581 (ZMUC).

FIGURE 11 in Integrated taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the subgenus Trichodagmia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Páramo Region of Colombia

FIGURE 11. Chromosome IIIL of Simulium chimguazaense (female larva), showing fixed inversions IIIL-1, IIIL-2, and IIIL-3, relative to the sequence of S. muiscorum. The sequence for S. muiscorum can be obtained by alphabetically ordering fragments indicated by letters 'a' through 'j'; bm = basal marker, C = centromere, N.O. = nucleolar organizer.

FIGURE 4 in Integrated taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the subgenus Trichodagmia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Páramo Region of Colombia

FIGURE 4. Larva of Simulium chimguazaense. A. Head capsule, dorsal view. B. Head capsule, ventral view showing postgenal cleft. C. Hypostomal teeth, ventral view.

FIGURE 5 in Integrated taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the subgenus Trichodagmia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Páramo Region of Colombia

FIGURE 5. Chromosome IS of Simulium chimguazaense (female larva), showing fixed inversions IS-1 and IS-2; fb = fine bands.

FIGURE 10 in Integrated taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the subgenus Trichodagmia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Páramo Region of Colombia

FIGURE 10. Chromosome IIIS of Simulium chimguazaense (female larva). Bl = blister, C = centromere, ca = capsule, N.O. = location of nucleolar organizer in S. muiscorum, '2' = 2 bands.

FIGURE 9 in Integrated taxonomy of a new species of black fly in the subgenus Trichodagmia (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Páramo Region of Colombia

FIGURE 9. Chromosome IIL of Simulium chimguazaense (female larva), with overlapping fixed inversions IIL-1 and IIL-2. The sequence for S. muiscorum can be obtained by alphabetically ordering fragments indicated by letters 'a' through 'h'. C = centromere, gB = gray band, j = jagged, Pb = parabalbiani, pu = puffing band.