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260 results for “parthenogenetic”
Can sexual conflict drive transitions to asexuality? Female resistance to fertilization in a facultatively parthenogenetic insect
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Genetic and phenotypic consequences of local transitions between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction in the wild
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Data from: Male-female chemical interactions in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect
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Data for: Maternal provisioning of offspring with defence chemicals in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect
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Data from: Could adult or juvenile dispersal shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic phasmid Megacrania batesii
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An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy
<p>In eukaryotes, the gamete size difference between the two sexes (anisogamy) evolved from gametes of equal size in both mating types (isogamy) and is plausibly claimed to generate sexual selection in morphology and behaviour. The gamete dynamics (GD) model for anisogamy evolution combines gamete limitation and competition and predicts that, if gametes of both mating types can develop parthenogenetically (i.e. without fusing with the opposite mating type), large isogamy can evolve under gamete-limited conditions. Ulvophycean marine green algae that exhibit various gametic systems from isogamy to anisogamy are important models for testing such theories. However, in most previous papers, whether a species is isogamous or anisogamous has not been examined statistically, which leaves the above theoretical prediction untested. We reveal (i) that the gametic system of <em>Struvea okamurae</em> is large isogamy using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), which accounted for the variation of gamete size among individual gametophytes, and (ii) that gametes of this alga can actually develop parthenogenetically, contrary to a previous report. Habitat environments and gametic behaviour suggest that this alga might experience gamete-limited conditions. <em>S. okamurae</em> seems to produce large parthenogenetic isogametes following GD model predictions, as an adaptation to deep waters.</p>
Data from: Lineage-specific trait variations and plasticity of obligate parthenogenetic animals following the expansion of distribution range to a continental archipelago.
<p><span>Two asexual lineages, JPN1 and JPN2, of panarctic <em>Daphnia pulex</em> expanded the distribution range to Japan from North America, independent of each other. According to the mutation rates within these lineages, JPN1 lineage colonized Japan earlier than JPN2 lineage. Moreover, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutation rates (dN/dS) was lower in JPN1 than in JPN2 lineage.</span></p> <p><span>Accordingly, it is hypothesized that variations of phenotypic traits differ between these two lineages. In addition, since they are obligate parthenogenetic animals, the lineage occupying a larger distribution range should have a larger phenotypic plasticity. To test these hypotheses, we experimentally examined the phenotypic variations of fitness-related traits, including digestive, life history and morphological traits, among several genotypes of these lineages.</span></p> <p><span>We found that within-lineage variations of most traits were smaller in JPN1 than in JPN2. In addition, the overall phenotypic variations were also smaller within the JPN1 lineage than within the JPN2 lineage. These results support the idea that the JPN1 lineage has been more efficiently subjected to negative selection, as expected from the lower dN/dS ratio.</span></p> <p><span>However, the magnitude of the phenotypic plasticity to changing food levels was at the same level for both the JPN1 and JPN2 lineages, while variations found in the phenotypic plasticity were smaller in the JPN1 lineage. The difference in the variations of the phenotypic traits and plasticity between the two lineages suggests that these two lineages have evolved under somewhat different environmental conditions and that genotypes of the JPN2 lineage may have exploited niches that differed somewhat from that of the JPN1 genotypes.</span></p>
Jack-of-all-trades is parthenogenetic
<p><span>Sex is more costly than parthenogenesis, evolutionary ecologists therefore wonder why sex is much more frequent than parthenogenesis in the majority of animal lineages. Parthenogens are as common as or even more common than sexuals in some ancient animal lineages such as mites and rotifers. Here, we analysed oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) as model group because these mites are an ancient taxon. There is evidence that the reproductive mode is phylogenetically conserved in oribatid mites, which makes them an ideal model to test hypotheses on the relationship between reproductive mode and species' ecological strategies. We used oribatid mites to test the frozen niche variation hypothesis; we hypothesized that parthenogenetic oribatid mites occupy narrow specialized ecological niches. We used the geographic range of species as proxy for specialization as specialised species typically do have narrower geographic ranges than generalistic species. Parthenogenetic lineages have a higher probability to have broader geographic ranges than sexual species arguing against the frozen niche variation hypothesis. Our results suggest that parthenogenetic oribatid mite species are more generalistic than sexual species supporting the general purpose genotype hypothesis. Our findings indicate that parthenogenetic oribatid mite species possess a widely adapted general-purpose genotype and therefore might be viewed as "Jack-of-all-trades". The data of this DRYAD file are the electronic Appendix of that paper ("Jack-of-all-trades is parthenogenetic").</span></p>
Sexually but not parthenogenetically produced females benefit from mating in a stick insect
<p>In facultatively parthenogenetic populations, the prevalence of sexual reproduction depends on whether females mate and therefore produce sons and daughters or avoid mating and produce daughters only. The relative advantage of mating in such species may depend on a female's own reproductive origin (i.e., development from a fertilised or unfertilised egg) if parthenogenesis reduces heterozygosity similarly to sexual inbreeding, or if it inhibits mating, sperm storage or fertilisation. But effects of reproductive origin on development and performance are poorly understood. Using the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect, Extatosoma tiaratum, we quantified morphology, mating probability, and reproductive success in mated versus unmated females of sexual versus automictic (parthenogenetic) origin. We found strong evidence that increased homozygosity negatively impacted some traits in parthenogenetically produced females: compared to sexually produced females, parthenogenetically produced females were smaller and more prone to deformities in vestigial wings, but not more prone to fluctuating asymmetry in their legs. Parthenogenetically produced females received fewer mating attempts and avoided mating more often than sexually produced females. Yet, contrary to the expectation that sex should rescue parthenogenetic lineages from the detrimental effects of increased homozygosity, parthenogenetically produced females gained no net reproductive benefit from mating, suggesting that physiological constraints limit fitness returns of sexual reproduction for these females. Our findings indicate that advantages of mating in this species depend on female reproductive origin. These results could help to explain spatial distributions of sex in facultatively parthenogenetic animals and evolutionary transitions to obligate asexuality.</p>
Data and code for phenotypic, genetic and distribution analyses of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramaba virgo and its sexual progenitors
<p>Includes raw data on phenotypic traits (critical thermal maximum, chill coma recovery, water loss and metabolic rate vs. temperature, mass of eggs, hatchlings and females, clutch sizes and lifetime reproductive output, development time, time to maturity, longevity), molecular traits (SNP, COI and microsatellite data) and distribution as well as code to analyse them.</p>
Fig. 3 in Natural Hybridization Between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Parthenogenetic) and C. tigris marmoratus (Bisexual): Assessment of Evolutionary Alternatives
Fig. 3. Ventral view of the same lizards arranged in the same sequence as in figure 2.
Data for: Should females cannibalise with or without mating in the facultatively parthenogenetic springbok mantis
<p><span>Non-copulatory cannibalism, which occurs when females attack and consume males instead of mating with them, could persist if it enhances female fecundity more than it exacerbates reproductive failure. However, females that are facultatively parthenogenetic may be able to cannibalise indiscriminately since securing a mate is not necessary for reproduction when parthenogenesis is possible. We used an experimental approach to examine the economics of cannibalism with and without mating for female Miomantis caffra—a facultatively parthenogenetic mantis that shows high rates of non-copulatory cannibalism. If non-copulatory cannibalism is maintained by fecundity enhancement, we predicted that eating a male would boost female fitness regardless of mating status. If non-copulatory cannibalism persists by facilitating total mating avoidance, then we predicted that mating would be costly, and females would perform better via parthenogenesis than via sex. Contrary to our predictions, we found that mating once led to dramatically higher fitness than not mating, and cannibalising a single male provided no overall fitness benefit to either mated or unmated females. Our results suggest that precopulatory cannibalism persists in M. caffra for reasons other than fecundity enhancement or total mating avoidance.</span></p>
Sexually but not parthenogenetically produced females benefit from mating in a stick insect
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Data from: Lineage-specific trait variations and plasticity of obligate parthenogenetic animals following the expansion of distribution range to a continental archipelago.
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Data for: Should females cannibalise with or without mating in the facultatively parthenogenetic springbok mantis
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Data from: Parthenogenetic vs. sexual reproduction in oribatid mite communities
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Data from: Rare sexual reproduction by females of “obligate parthenogenetic” lineages of Daphnia cf. pulex
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An ulvophycean marine green alga produces large parthenogenetic isogametes as predicted by the gamete dynamics model for the evolution of anisogamy
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Jack-of-all-trades is parthenogenetic
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FIGURE 3. Alonella dadayi Birge, 1910 parthenogenetic female from Pantanal, Brazil. A, trunk limb I. B in More than just the number of denticles: morphometric and limb variability in Neotropical cladoceran Alonella dadayi (Crustacea: Cladocera: Chydoridae)
FIGURE 3. Alonella dadayi Birge, 1910 parthenogenetic female from Pantanal, Brazil. A, trunk limb I. B, idem, arrows showing stiff setae on endites. C-D, idem, showing the variability of ODL and IDL. E, trunk limb II. F, idem, variability in the morphology of scrapers. G, trunk limb III. H, idem, outline of exopodite. I, trunk limb IV. J, idem, outline of exopodite. K, trunk limb V. L, idem, outline of exopodite. Scale bars = 50 μm. Figs. H, J, L were not scaled.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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