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779 results for “pigmentation”
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Figure 1. - Paracreptotremarosenthali sp. n. A Ventral view of holotype; arrows indicate fragments of eyespot pigment B Cirrus sac; arrow indicates anteriormost margin of acetabulum. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 25 µm.
Figure 1. - Paracreptotremarosenthali sp. n. A Ventral view of holotype; arrows indicate fragments of eyespot pigment B Cirrus sac; arrow indicates anteriormost margin of acetabulum. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B = 25 µm.
Comparative transcriptomics reveals the molecular genetic basis of pigmentation loss in Sinocyclocheilus cavefishes
<p><span><span><span>Cave-dwelling animals evolve distinct troglomorphic traits, such as loss of eyes, skin pigmentation, and augmentation of senses following long-term adaptation to the perpetual darkness. However, the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypic variations remain unclear. In this study, we conducted comparative histology and comparative transcriptomics study of the skin of eight <i>Sinocyclocheilus</i> species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) that included surface and cave-dwelling species. We analyzed four surface and four cavefish species by using next-generation sequencing, and a total of 802,798,907 clean reads were generated and assembled into 505,495,009 transcripts, which contributed to 1,037,334 unigenes. Bioinformatics comparisons of four different surface-cave fish groups revealed between 10,629 and 6442 significantly differentially expressed unigenes. Further, tens of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) potentially related to skin pigmentation were identified. Most of these DEGs (including <i>GNAQ</i>, <i>PKA</i>, <i>NRAS</i>, and <i>p38</i>) are downregulated in cavefish species. They are involved in key signaling pathways of pigment synthesis, such as the melanogenesis, Wnt, and MAPK pathways. This trend of downregulation was confirmed through qPCR experiments. This study will deepen our understanding of the formation of troglomorphic traits in cavefishes.</span></span></span></p>
The impact of life stage and pigment source on the evolution of novel warning signal traits
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Our understanding of how novel warning color traits evolve in natural populations is largely based on studies of reproductive stages and organisms with endogenously produced pigmentation. In these systems, genetic drift is often required for novel alleles to overcome strong purifying selection stemming from frequency-dependent predation and positive assortative mating. Here, we integrate data from field surveys, predation experiments, population genomics, and phenotypic correlations to explain the origin and maintenance of geographic variation in a diet-based larval pigmentation trait in the redheaded pine sawfly (<i>Neodiprion lecontei</i>), a pine-feeding hymenopteran. Although our experiments confirm that <i>N. lecontei</i><i> </i>larvae are indeed aposematic—and therefore likely to experience frequency-dependent predation—our genomic data do not support a historical demographic scenario that would have facilitated the spread of an initially deleterious allele via drift. Additionally, significantly elevated differentiation at a known color locus suggests that geographic variation in larval color is currently maintained by selection. Together, these data suggest that the novel white morph likely spread via selection. However, white body color does not enhance aposematic displays, nor is it correlated with enhanced chemical defense or immune function. Instead, the derived white-bodied morph is disproportionately abundant on a pine species with a reduced carotenoid content relative to other pine hosts, suggesting that bottom-up selection via host plants may have driven divergence among populations. Overall, our results suggest that life stage and pigment source can have a substantial impact the evolution of novel warning signals, highlighting the need to investigate diverse aposematic taxa to develop a comprehensive understanding of color variation in nature.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Fig. 1 in Macrophages And Pigment Cells In The Liver Of Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura)
Fig. 1. Pigment cells on the smears of the frog lake liver. Coloring according to Pappenheim. x900.
Hyperspectral Pigments
<p>Hyperspectral dataset made of individual pigment patches, useful for the quality evaluation or validation of spectral image processing algorithms, e.g., classification. This dataset is published in the following upcoming conference article:</p> <p><strong>H. Deborah. 2022. <em>Hyperspectral Pigment Dataset. </em>12th Workshop on Hyperspectral Imaging and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). </strong></p> <p>An interactive explorer of the spectral library portion of this whole dataset can be accessed <a href="https://hyppigments.streamlit.app/">here</a>.</p>
Melanic pigmentation and light preference within and between two Drosophila species
<p>Environmental adaptation and species divergence often involve suites of co-evolving traits. Pigmentation in insects presents a variable, adaptive, and well-characterized class of phenotypes for which correlations with multiple other traits have been demonstrated. In <i>Drosophila</i>, the pigmentation genes <i>ebony</i> and <i>tan</i> have pleiotropic effects on flies' response to light, creating the potential for correlated evolution of pigmentation and vision. Here we investigate differences in light preference within and between two sister species, <i>Drosophila americana</i> and <i>D. novamexicana</i>, which differ in pigmentation in part because of evolution at <i>ebony</i> and <i>tan</i>, and occupy environments that differ in many variables including solar radiation. We hypothesized that lighter pigmentation would be correlated with a greater preference for environmental light, and tested this hypothesis using a habitat choice experiment. In a first set of experiments, using males of <i>D. novamexicana</i> line N14 and <i>D. americana</i> line A00, the light-bodied <i>D. novamexicana</i> was found slightly but significantly more often than <i>D. americana </i>in the light habitat. A second experiment, which included additional lines and females as well as males, failed to find any significant difference between <i>D. novamexicana</i>-N14 and <i>D. americana</i>-A00. Additionally, the other dark line of <i>D. americana</i> (A04) was found in the light habitat more often than the light-bodied <i>D. novamexicana</i>-N14, in contrast to our predictions. However, the lightest line of <i>D. americana</i>, A01, was found substantially and significantly more often in the light habitat than the two darker lines of <i>D. americana</i>, thus providing partial support for our hypothesis. Finally, across all four lines, females were found more often in the light habitat than their more darkly-pigmented male counterparts. Additional replication is needed to corroborate these findings and evaluate conflicting results, with the consistent effect of sex within and between species providing an especially intriguing avenue for further research.</p>
Umbrella review data of colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables, compared to placebo or low intakes, on human health outcomes relevant to public health
<p>This dataset comprises data extracted from 86 publications included in an umbrella review which compared the effect of colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains and chlorophyll) on human health outcomes relevant to public health. Meta-analysed data from 83 systematic literature reviews were available for 17 different bioactive pigments spanning all colours of fruit and vegetables except green, with additional data from two randomised controlled trials and one cohort study for chlorophyll. This dataset represents 2,847 original research studies and data from over 37 million participants. There were 449 meta-analysed health outcomes extracted from the 83 systematic literature reviews. Extracted health outcomes were categorised according to pigment, comparator type, broad health outcome, study design, age group, source of pigment, risk of bias, and confidence in the estimated effect. Data extracted were dose, intervention duration, sample size, number of original studies, effect estimate, 95% confidence intervals, I2 statistics, publication bias and p-value. Rigorous analysis, including estimations of a common effect size, stratification of the evidence, study level sensitivity analyses and reporting on heterogeneity and potential biases, may be carried out using these data, to further evaluate the effect of colour-associated bioactive pigments in fruit and vegetables on human health.</p>
Environmental gradients predict the ratio of environmentally acquired carotenoids to self-synthesised pteridine pigments
<p>Carotenoids are important pigments producing integument coloration; however, their dietary availability may be limited in some environments. Many species produce red to yellow hues using a combination of carotenoids and self-synthesised pteridine pigments. A compelling but untested hypothesis is that pteridines replace carotenoids in environments where carotenoid availability is limited. Based on a phylogenetic comparative analysis of pigment concentrations in agamid lizards, we show that environmental gradients predict the ratio of carotenoids to pteridines; carotenoid concentrations are lower and pteridine concentrations higher in arid environments with low vegetation productivity. Both carotenoid and pteridine pigments were present in all species, but only pteridine concentrations explained colour variation among species and there were no correlations between carotenoid and pteridine pigments with similar hue. These results suggest that pteridine pigments replace carotenoids in carotenoid-limited environments, irrespective of skin hue, presumably because it is metabolically cheaper to synthesise pteridines than to acquire and sequester carotenoids when carotenoids are rare.</p>
Figure 5. Female Neobrettus tibialis with their broods. 1, Female tending recently deposited eggs covered with flecked silk. 2, Female with emergent instar 1 spiderlings, showing little pigmentation. 3, Female tending instar 1 spiderlings with more eye pigmentation. 4-5, Females with older instar 1 spiderlings. 6-7, Females with mixed instar 1 and 2 in New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India
Figure 5. Female Neobrettus tibialis with their broods. 1, Female tending recently deposited eggs covered with flecked silk. 2, Female with emergent instar 1 spiderlings, showing little pigmentation. 3, Female tending instar 1 spiderlings with more eye pigmentation. 4-5, Females with older instar 1 spiderlings. 6-7, Females with mixed instar 1 and 2 spiderlings.
Supplementary information for: Redundancy analysis, genome-wide association studies, and the pigmentation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)
<p><span>The association of molecular variants to phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single- and multi-trait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (<em>Salmo</em> <em>trutta</em>) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single- and multi-trait GWAS allowed us to extract 337 independent "colour patterning loci" (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (<em>i</em>) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (<em>ii</em>) were found associated with</span><span> 218 </span><span>candidate genes, including 197 genes </span><span>formerly mentioned in the literature dealing with skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (<em>Onchorhynchus</em> <em>mykiss</em>)</span><span>, and (<em>iii</em>) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium- and ion-binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well-known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression.</span></p>
Pigment-Dispersing Factor expressing neurons provide an infrastructure for conveying circadian information in the honey bee brain
<p>A movie of a 360° view of the 3D-reconstructed PDF (Pigment Dispersing Factor) network in the honey bee brain. (avi file to be opened with for example Fiji ImageJ)</p>
Data associated with manuscript: "Foliar flavonoids across an elevation gradient: plasticity in response to UV, and links with floral pigmentation patterning"
<p>There are two datasets provided in this excel file. The data are flavonoid abundances of Argentina anserina [=Potentilla anserina] exposed to two levels of ultraviolet light in a greenhouse. The "leaf only data" tab has the combined foliar abundances of the major classes of flavonoids detected: chalcone, flavonone, flavone, flavonol, flavon-3-ol, and proanthocyanidin. This dataset was used to analyze the effect of UV treatment and elevation on flavonoid production in leaves. The "leaf and petal matching cmpnds" is the abundance of the major flavonoid classes in leaves and petals for only the compounds that were detected in both tissue types. This dataset was used for all analyses that related leaf flavonoids with petal flavonoids and petal UV pigmentation. </p>
Integrating pigment and fatty acid profiles for enhanced estimation of seston community composition
<p>Climate change, nutrition pollution, and land use alterations influence the primary production of lakes. While light-microscopy counting remains the standard for estimating phytoplankton community composition, its expense and time-consuming nature necessitate cost-effective alternatives for seston analysis. Furthermore, estimating the contribution of seston constituents other than primary producers, or non-algal particles, is not possible with light-microscopy counting. Biotracer approach using computational methods and chemotaxonomic biomarkers such as carotenoid pigments and fatty acids have been utilised as an alternative in seston analysis when species-level taxonomy is not required. However, a comprehensive testing of how well carotenoid and fatty acids can be utilised in estimating a wide range of seston phytoplankton communities using different estimation methods is lacking. To assess the accuracy of a suite of state-of-the-art biotracer-based computational methods, namely CHEMTAX, FASTAR (Fatty Acid Source-Tracking Algorithm in R), MixSIAR, and QFASA (Quantitative Fatty Acid Signature Analysis), lake water samples were collected in 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 for seston composition analysis in a boreal eutrophic lake with light-microscopy counting serving as the reference for seston composition. Absolute errors between the biotracer-based estimates were calculated to evaluate method performance. A small laboratory experiment to assess the reliability of estimating the contribution of non-algal particles using the computational methods with fatty acids was also conducted. The closest alignment to light-microscopy counting in terms of absolute error was achieved when both carotenoids and fatty acids were utilised together in the QFASA method. For CHEMTAX, FASTAR, and MixSIAR utilising carotenoids alone produced the closest results. Additionally, the estimation methods accurately assessed the proportion of non-algal particles in the seston when utilising fatty acid profiles, a capability not possible with light-microscopy counting. Our findings demonstrate that the biotracer approach provides a viable and cost-effective alternative to light-microscopy counting when group-level information of phytoplankton community composition suffices. Furthermore, we show that non-algal particles can be effectively estimated together with phytoplankton when utilising fatty acids.</p>
Data from: Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism
<p>Phenotypic variation in natural populations results from complex interactions between organisms and their changing environments. The environment shapes both phenotypic frequencies (during adaptation) and organismal phenotypes (through phenotypic plasticity). Developmental plasticity, in particular, refers to the phenomenon whereby an organism's phenotype depends on the environmental conditions during development. It can match phenotype to ecological conditions and help organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity, including differences between alternating seasons. Experimental studies of developmental plasticity often focus on the impact of individual environmental cues and do not take explicit account of genetic variation. In contrast, natural environments are complex, comprising multiple variables with combined effects that are poorly understood and may vary among genotypes. We investigated the effects of multifactorial environments on the development of the seasonally plastic eyespots of <em>Bicyclus anynana</em> butterflies. Eyespot size depends on developmental temperature and is involved in alternative seasonal strategies for predator avoidance. In nature, both temperature and food availability undergo seasonal fluctuations. However, our understanding of how thermal plasticity in eyespot size varies in response to food availability and across genotypes remains limited. To address this, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (T; two levels: 20°C and 27°C) and food availability (N; two levels: control and limited) during development. We examined their impact on wing and eyespot size in adult males and females from multiple genotypes (G; 28 families). We found evidence of thermal and nutritional plasticity and temperature-by-nutrition interactions (significant TxN) on the size of eyespots in both sexes. Food limitation resulted in relatively smaller eyespots and tempered the effects of temperature. Additionally, we found differences among families for thermal plasticity (significant GxT effects), but not for nutritional plasticity (non-significant GxN effects) nor for the combined effects of temperature and food limitation (non-significant GxTxN effects). Our results reveal the context dependence of thermal plasticity, with the slope of thermal reaction norms varying across genotypes and across nutritional environments. We discuss these results in light of the ecological significance of pigmentation and the value of considering thermal plasticity in studies of the biological impact of climate change.</p>
Figs 1-2 in Body pigmentation during embryogenesis first found in stoneflies: a case of Megaperlodes niger Yokoyama, Isobe & Yamamoto, 1990 (Insecta: Plecoptera, Perlodidae)
Figs 1-2 – Female adults of Megaperlodes niger. 1, Habitus, dorsal view; 2, Habitus, ventral view.
Effects of pH and temperature on the growth, pigment content, and photosynthetic performance of the marine cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima
<p>Figure 1. Effects of pH and temperature on the relative growth rate (RGR) of <em>Arthrospira maxima</em> cultures. Effects of various pH values (a) and temperatures (b) on RGRs. Data represent mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 6).</p> <p>Figure 2. Effect of pH on pigment concentrations in <em>A. maxima</em> cultures. Concentrations of chlorophyll <em>a</em> (●) and phycobiliproteins including phycocyanin (■), allophycocyanin (◆), and phycoerythrin (▲). Data represent mean ± SD (n = 6).</p> <p>Figure 3. Effects of different temperatures on chlorophyll a and phycobiliprotein concentrations in <em>A. maxima</em> cultures. Concentrations of chlorophyll <em>a</em> (●), and phycobiliproteins including phycocyanin (■), allophycocyanin (◆), and phycoerythrin (▲). Data represent mean ± SD (n = 6).</p>
Fig. 4 in The Study Of Age-Related Variability Of Pigmentation Patterns Of The Shells Of Dreissena Polymorpha (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) From Different Parts Of It'S Range
Fig. 4. Frequences of main pattern types at different age zones on zebra mussel shells.
Exploring phenotypic diversity of pigmented traits and iris features in Pakistani population
<p><span>Phenotypic variations of eye color, skin color, and iris surface features have been well-explored in certain populations. However, there has been comparatively little research on variations in these features in Pakistani population. The aim of this study is to</span> discover phenotypic diversity and correlations of pigmented traits and iris surface features in Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)<b> </b>province of Pakistan<b>.</b> Digital images of eyes and skin were examined by investigators to determine color using Fitzpatrick Phototype Scale. Similarly, iris patterns were characterized by Edward iris feature software and association studies were conducted through SPSS program. Intermediate eye color was frequent in KPK (44%) while brown was higher in Punjab (47%). <span>Contrarily</span>, light to medium brown skin color was recurring (55%) in Punjab whereas lighter skin color prevailed in KPK (69%). Furthermore, Fuchs' crypts were significantly correlated with contraction furrows in both populations. Likewise, crypts were significantly associated with Wolfflin nodules and furrows were significantly related to conjunctival melanosis and pigment spots in KPK sample set. Based on unique iris patterns, these phenotypic traits would be helpful for individuals' discrimination in the population<b>. </b>In future, there is need to explore genetic associations and functional differences of these traits.</p>
Pigment, fatty acid and lipid data of the sea slug Elysia crispata in two habitat depths
<p>Sacoglossan sea slugs are the only animals able to sequester functional chloroplasts from the algae they feed on and keep them functional for more than a month. Here, we characterized <em>Elysia crispata</em> distributed in a coral reef from Southern Gulf of Mexico at two depths: 0-4 m and 8-12 m. We provide information on the concentrations of 12 pigments, 27 fatty acids, and total lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid amounts. </p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.