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opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Figure 2 in Dark axils and nodes in various plant species may serve as defensive mimicry of beetle and beetle faeces

Figure 2. Brown nodal zones of indigenous grasses in Israel. (A) Avena sterilis, (B) Phalaris paradoxa, (C) Hordeum bulbosum. Scale bars: 5 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2013View details →

Figure 1 in Dark axils and nodes in various plant species may serve as defensive mimicry of beetle and beetle faeces

Figure 1. (A) Spring shoot of Lycium chinense with dark axils. (B) Faeces and faeces-covered Lema decempunctata larvae (white arrows). (C) Lema decempunctata larvae feeding on a Lycium chinense leaf. Scale bars: (A), (B) 10 mm, (C) 3 mm.

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Data from: Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore

Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, Parvoviridae) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field-collected caterpillars using either P. lanceolata or a native plant, Chelone glabra (Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher in situ viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the "vulnerable host" hypothesis) from a field-based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus-infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised, and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

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Warming and grazing independently and interactively impact plant defenses and palatability

The ecological impacts of multiple stressors are hard to predict but important to understand. When multiple stressors influence foundation species, the effects can cascade throughout the ecosystem. Gulf of Mexico seagrass ecosystems are currently experiencing a suite of novel stressors, including warmer water temperatures and increased herbivory due to tropicalization and conservation efforts. We investigated the impact of warming temperatures and grazing history on plant performance, morphology, and palatability by integrating a mesocosm study using the seagrass Thalassia testudinum with feeding trials using the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Warming temperatures negatively impacted T. testudinum tolerance traits, reducing belowground biomass by 34%, productivity by 74%, shoot density by 10%, and the number of leaves per plant by 24%, and negatively impacted resistance traits through 13% lower toughness of young leaves and a trend for reduced leaf carbon:nitrogen. Lytechinus variegatus individuals preferred to consume plants grown under heated conditions, which supports findings of enhanced palatability. Simulated turtle grazing impacted more plant traits than grazing by other herbivores, potentially diminishing plant resilience to future disturbances through reduced rhizome non-structural carbohydrate concentrations and increasing palatability through reduced fiber content and 23% lower leaf carbon:phosphorus. Simulated turtle, simulated parrotfish, and urchin grazing reduced leaf carbon:nitrogen by 11%, also potentially increasing nutritive value. Interactions between warming temperatures and grazers on plant traits were additive for 16 out of 19 response variables. However, the stressors non-additively impacted the number of leaves per plant, fiber content, and epiphyte load. We suggest that the impacts of grazers on leaf turnover rate and leaf age may vary based on water temperature, potentially driving these interactions. Overall, increased temperatures and grazing pressure will likely reduce seagrass resilience, structure, and biomass, potentially impacting feedback systems and producing negative consequences for seagrass cover, associated species, and ecosystem services.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses

Fig. 4. Physicochemical assessment of the grasspea suspension secretome (GSS), including pI (A), molecular weight (in kDa) (B), and hydrophilicity (C), with respect to MSS, DSS and LSS (MSS corresponds to the monocot suspension secretome, DSS to the dicot suspension secretome and LSS to the lower plant suspension secretome).

Fig. 2 in Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses

Fig. 2. Generation of grasspea calli, establishment of suspension culture and isolation of the grasspea suspension secretome (GSS). (A) Root-cut and shoot-cut embryo axes were employed for the generation of 4-week-old calli, which were bulked together in a suspension culture. (B) Microscopic examination of suspension cells and viability assessment using Evans blue (left panel) and FDA (right panel). (C) Quantitative analysis of physicochemical properties including changes in pH in the suspension culture, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), soluble sugars and total protein. (D) Protein SDS-PAGE profile of the grasspea secretome. Lane 1 represents the molecular weight marker (MW). Purity evaluation of grasspea secreted fraction using (E) catalase activity and (F) western blotting with anti-RbcL (Supplementary Fig. S1). Relative catalase activities are presented as mean ± SE of triplicate experiments.

Fig. 3 in Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses

Fig. 3. Overview of total grasspea suspension secreted (GSS) proteins and prediction of mode of secretion and (A) localization using multiple tools (B). Comparison of shared and distinct GSS proteins, first (C) with respect to total in vitro secretome (IVS) and in planta secretome (IPS) and second (D) compared to the in vitro suspension culture secretome reported in monocots, dicots, and lower plants, abbreviated as MSS, DSS and LSS, respectively (MSS corresponds to monocot suspension secretome, DSS to dicot suspension secretome and LSS to lower plant suspension secretome).

Fig. 1 in Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the experimental design and workflow of the establishment of the grasspea suspension secretome (GSS). Proteomic profiling was accomplished by generating suspension culture and sequential assessment of physicochemical properties and protein identification.

Fig. 6 in Suspension cell secretome of the grain legume Lathyrus sativus (grasspea) reveals roles in plant development and defense responses

Fig. 6. Localization validation of endochitinase (S597) and G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine threonine kinase (S718). The panels include (A) expression of YFPtagged S597 in onion epidermal cells, (B) plasmolysis of S597-transformed onion peel (C), expression of YFP-tagged S718 in onion peel cells and (D) plasmolyzed onion peel cells expressing YFP-tagged S718. A pSITE3CA empty vector control was also monitored besides the target genes (E).

Fig. 3 in Involvement of OsRIP1, a ribosome-inactivating protein from rice, in plant defense against Nilaparvata lugens

Fig. 3. Average biomass per surviving insect. Every day of the feeding experiment, the average weight per surviving insect was determined by weighing separate feeding cages with and without the surviving insects and dividing the difference in mass by the number of insects in that cage. This was done for the three repeats per treatment and the averages and standard errors are represented. Statistical differences on day 3 are represented by asterisks (*: p ≤ 0.05, **: p ≤ 0.01, ***: p ≤ 0.001).

Fig. 2 in Involvement of OsRIP1, a ribosome-inactivating protein from rice, in plant defense against Nilaparvata lugens

Fig. 2. Effect of different concentrations of OsRIP1 compared on N. lugens survival and development. 30 insects (three cages with each 10 insects) were fed with artificial diet, supplemented with either different concentrations of OsRIP1 (0.75 μM, 1.5 μM or 3 μM), BSA (3 μM) or buffer only, for 3 days. Every day the artificial diet was refreshed, the surviving insects were counted and the developmental stage of each insect was assessed. Letters (a, b, c) denote statistical differences observed between treatments. (Jonckheere-Terpstra test with pairwise multiple comparisons, p <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Involvement of OsRIP1, a ribosome-inactivating protein from rice, in plant defense against Nilaparvata lugens

Fig. 4. Effect of OsRIP1 on translation in a cell-free transcription/translation system based on insect cell extract. The dose dependent effect of recombinant OsRIP1 on the translation of luciferase was assessed using a luminometer. Percentage of translation (= percentage of luciferase activity) is shown as a function of OsRIP1 concentration. BSA was used as a control. Data of two independent replicates are shown.

Fig. 1. Transcript levels for OsRIP1 in Involvement of OsRIP1, a ribosome-inactivating protein from rice, in plant defense against Nilaparvata lugens

Fig. 1. Transcript levels for OsRIP1 in rice shoots after high (A) or low (B) infestation with N. lugens. Expression of OsRIP1 in BPH infested seedlings was determined at different timepoints (3, 5, 6, 9 or 13 days post infestation (dpi)), relative to the transcript levels in mock treated plants. Bars represent mean expression values from three independent biological replicates (normalized to three reference genes), error bars indicate standard errors. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to expression levels in mock treated plants (*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001).