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331 results for “plantation”
Plant management but not fertilization mediates soil carbon emission and microbial community composition in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations
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Sharing land via keystone structure: retaining naturally regenerated trees may efficiently benefit birds in plantations
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Data from: Prey abundance and leopard diet in a plantation and rainforest landscape, Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats
<p>Leopards use a wide range of habitats from natural forests to plantations in human-dominated landscapes. Within interface areas, understanding leopard ecology and diet can help in conservation management and conflict avoidance. In a fragmented rainforest and plantation landscape in southern India, we examined diet of large carnivores (with a focus on leopards) using scat analysis with DNA-based identification of predator species, and estimated relative abundance of prey species in different land uses through transect surveys. Large carnivores predominantly consumed wild prey species (98.1%) and domestic prey species contributed <2% to overall prey biomass. For leopards, four wild prey species (Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, sambar and Indian porcupine) contributed 95.1% of prey biomass, with the rest being minor wild prey species (no livestock in identified scats). Wild prey species occurred across the landscape but varied in relative abundance by land-use type, with forest fragments supporting higher abundance of many species relative to tea and coffee plantations. As large carnivores mainly depend on wild prey and rainforest fragments act as refuges for these mammals within the tea and coffee plantations, it is important to continue to retain or restore these forest fragments.</p> <p>This dataset contains abundance data on mammals (large carnivores and their prey species), using direct and indirect sign surveys along line and belt transects, respectively, as well as data on remains of prey species in large carnivore scats. This dataset is part of a study (published paper under Related works) on leopard ecology in a landscape containing commercial plantations of tea and coffee, and rainforest fragments and protected area. These data were collected between 2008 and 2010 in Valparai plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghats, India. The dataset contains following files:</p> <p>1) Transect_details.csv<br> 2) Transect_repeats.csv<br> 3) Mammals_Direct_signs.csv<br> 4) Mammals_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 5) Large_carnivores_Indirect_signs.csv<br> 6) Large_carnivore_Diet.csv</p> <p>More details regarding the above files can be found in ReadMe_Data_ColumnNames.txt.</p> <p><strong>Update, version 2</strong>: Data were updated on 4 May 2020. There was an error in the following file: Large_carnivore_Diet.csv. This file has been corrected and replaced in this update. All other files are correct and therefore not replaced.</p>
Data from: Effects of Habitat Structure and Adjacent Habitats on Birds in Tropical Rainforest Fragments and Shaded Plantations in the Western Ghats, India
<p>This dataset includes bird community, habitat structure, and vegetation data from the following publication:</p> <p>Raman, T.R.S. 2006. Effects of Habitat Structure and Adjacent Habitats on Birds in Tropical Rainforest Fragments and Shaded Plantations in the Western Ghats, India. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 15: 1577–1607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2352-5</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>As large nature reserves occupy only a fraction of the earth's land surface, conservation biologists are critically examining the role of private lands, habitat fragments, and plantations for conservation. This study in a biodiversity hotspot and endemic bird area, the Western Ghats mountains of India, examined the effects of habitat structure, floristics, and adjacent habitats on bird communities in shade-coffee and cardamom plantations and tropical rainforest fragments. Habitat and birds were sampled in 13 sites: six fragments (three relatively isolated and three with canopy connectivity with adjoining shade-coffee plantations and forests), six plantations differing in canopy tree species composition (five coffee and one cardamom), and one undisturbed primary rainforest control site in the Anamalai hills. Around 3300 detections of 6000 individual birds belonging to 106 species were obtained. The coffee plantations were poorer than rainforest in rainforest bird species, particularly endemic species, but the rustic cardamom plantation with diverse, native rainforest shade trees, had bird species richness and abundance comparable to primary rainforest. Plantations and fragments that adjoined habitats providing greater tree canopy connectivity supported more rainforest and fewer open-forest bird species and individuals than sites that lacked such connectivity. These effects were mediated by strong positive effects of vegetation structure, particularly woody plant variables, cane, and bamboo, on bird community structure. Bird community composition was however positively correlated only to floristic (tree species) composition of sites. The maintenance or restoration of habitat structure and (shade) tree species composition in shade-coffee and cardamom plantations and rainforest fragments can aid in rainforest bird conservation in the regional landscape.</p>
Shade-growing practices lessen the impact of coffee plantations on multiple dimensions of ant diversity
<p>1. Land use management influence changes in biodiversity beyond the targeted species. Management practices in coffee plantations have shifted from coffee growing below accompanying (shade) trees, to intensified monocultures in which coffee grows fully exposed to the sun. Anthropogenic disturbance causes changes in species composition relative to adjacent natural patches and reduces their biotic heterogeneity. Here, we assessed the impact of coffee plantation management practices on the taxonomical, phylogenetic, and functional composition of ant communities, an ecologically dominant group and crucial biological pest controller in these agroecosystems. We hypothesized that shade-grown coffee plantations would harbor ant communities similar to those of nearby forest patches, but dissimilar to those of intensified monocultures.</p> <p>2. We surveyed ant diversity in eight shade-grown coffee farms, eight intensive coffee monocultures and eight forest patches. We used a combination of active and passive sampling methods over two field campaigns spanning six months.</p> <p>3. Our results support our hypothesis for all diversity dimensions. Additionally, ant communities in intensified monocultures were taxonomically and functionally, but not phylogenetically, more homogeneous than those found in forest patches and shade-grown plantations.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings support the idea that practices in shade-grown plantations buffer the impoverishment of multiple diversity dimensions after forest conversion. By assessing and integrating multiple biodiversity dimensions into management strategies, farmers and interested parties can minimize future biodiversity and ecosystem service loss.</p>
Data for: The impacts of bioenergy pine plantation management practices on bee communities
<p>1. Cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks is a growing land-use worldwide, yet we have a poor understanding of how bioenergy crop management practices affect biodiversity. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for candidate cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks, such as tree plantations, and for organisms that provide important ecosystem services, such as pollinators.</p> <p>2. We examined bee communities in 83 sites across three states in the southeastern USA—Alabama, Florida and Georgia. We compared bee abundance and diversity in 66 pine plantation sites that reflect management with and without potential bioenergy feedstock production. At least three bioenergy feedstock production methods have been proposed for this region: 1) converting conventional timber stands to short-rotation bioenergy plantations; 2) harvesting feedstock by thinning conventional plantations; and 3) harvesting of woody debris residues after plantations have been clear-cut.</p> <p>3. We found that bioenergy-associated management practices including younger plantations (relative to older) and woody debris removal (relative to debris unremoved) in clear-cut plantations were associated with reduced bee diversity. Removing ground debris in clear-cut plantations also drastically increased bee abundance, though this effect was largely driven by strong dominance of just two bee species. Clear-cut plantations had lower beta diversity than standing plantations.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Management practices associated with bioenergy feedstock production can have negative effects on bee community diversity. In particular, harvesting of debris in clear-cut plantations dramatically reduces bee diversity. Large-scale bioenergy feedstock production that increases the prevalence of young and clear-cut stands may cause landscape-level beta diversity to decline. Nevertheless, bioenergy pine plantations likely support higher bee diversity than corn fields, an alternative bioenergy feedstock.</p>
Small seed bank in grasslands and tree plantations in former grassland sites in the South Brazilian highlands
<p>The soil seed bank can be an important source for vegetation regeneration, and data on the similarity between aboveground vegetation and the seed bank can provide information about successional pathways after disturbances or land-use change. We conducted this study in natural grasslands in the subtropical highland region in southern Brazil. We evaluated the effect of silviculture on richness, density, and composition of the seed bank at former grassland sites converted to pine plantations 25 years ago. We worked at six grassland sites and three pine plantation sites and used the seedling emergence method. Seed bank density and richness in grasslands was lower than those reported in similar environments in other regions. Species richness and density varied considerably within each vegetation type therefore, richness and density were not statistically significant, while composition varied among vegetation types. In terms of species, the pine plantation seed bank was a small subset of the grassland seed bank. Seeds of typical grassland species were missing in the pine plantation, but also had only low abundances in the grassland, and similarity of seed bank and vegetation was low (less than 20%). The low seed density found in this study, including in grasslands areas, indicates that regeneration of species from the soil seed bank likely is of a limited role for the maintenance of plant populations after disturbances in this system. Our data further suggest that natural regeneration after tree planting in grasslands is reduced due to seed limitation.<br> </p>
Dataset of site factors in Pinus halepensis Mill. plantations in Spain
<p>This dataset contains information about soil, climatic, physiographic and stand parameters of 32 plots located in <em>Pinus halepensis</em> Mill. plantations in Spain. </p>
Dataset of soil, climatic and stand variables in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis plantations in Spain
<p>Soil, climatic and stand variables measured in 35 <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> and 32 <em>Pinus halepensis </em>plantations in Castilla y León region (Spain)</p>
[VERSION 2] Data set and analytic codes supporting "How do management decisions impact butterfly assemblages in smallholding oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia?"
<p>This is <strong>VERSION 2</strong> of data set and analytic codes (with a meta data [see the meta data from VERSION 1]) supporting "How do management decisions impact butterfly assemblages in smallholding oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia?". We investigated the impacts of replanting and alternative replanting decisions (replanting with monoculture versus polyculture oil palm plantations) on within-plantation environmental conditions and butterfly assemblages (diversity, density, and composition). We also assessed the effects of habitat structure and complexity within plantations on butterfly assemblages. Apart from "BantingButterflies_ButterflyData", other data are the same as in VERSION 1.</p><p><strong>## List of changes:</strong></p><p># 1. <i>Tirumala septentrionis </i>was not included in the analyses because it should have been <i>Ideopsis vulgaris</i> (had been corrected),</p><p># 2. PC5 and PC6 (from PCA) were considered as predictors for the GLMs,</p><p># 3. The Mantel test was added.</p><p><strong>## Other notes:</strong></p><p># 1. Older version of ggiNEXT could work with facet.var = "site", now it needs to be "Assemblage"</p><p># 2. Older version of ggiNEXT could work with facet.var = "order", now it needs to be "Order.q"</p><p># 3. "set.seed(42)" function was used before running "iNEXT", ANOSIM, and the Mantel test to get reproducible outputs (exactly the same outputs every time each function is run).</p><p><strong>Funding and research permission:</strong> Jardine Foundation, the Cambridge Trust, and Tim Whitmore Fund provided funding for MFH, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded JS (USN: 304338625), and BBSRC (BB/T012366/1) provided funding for the establishment of the plots and surveys of environmental parameters. Research permission was provided by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) of Malaysia's Prime Minister's Department for MFH (Ref: EPU 40/200/19/3727) and JS (Ref: MEA 40/200/19/3705).</p>
Fig. 2 in Bird Diversity Differs Between Industrial Tree Plantations On Borneo: Implications For Conservation Planning
Fig. 2. Species accumulation curves for (A) Sabah Softwoods and (B) Sarawak Planted Forest Project.
Data from: Kirtland's warbler occupancy and plantation density
<p>Early studies into the habitat preferences of the Kirtland's warbler (KW; <em>Setophaga kirtlandii</em>) suggested that these birds exhibited a preference for areas with high jack pine stem densities; therefore, jack pine plantations established as part of the KW recovery and conservation programs have been planted using a 1.5 x 1.8 m spacing (3,588 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>). In contrast, traditional pine plantations in the Lake States established for roundwood production are typically planted on a 2.1 x 2.4 m spacing that equates to 1,922 trees ha<sup>-1</sup>. Over more than 40 years, tree spacing in KW habitat plantations has gone largely unchanged, and until very recently there has never been an attempt to verify that these tighter spacings actually provide better KW habitat than would a traditional forestry spacing. We used a retrospective approach to assess the impacts of tree density on KW occupancy and observed an unexpected negative relationship between realized plantation density and maximum occupancy by KW singing males. This finding should be interpreted with caution due to the limited nature of this study; however, a lack of a positive relationship is entirely plausible given the narrow range of densities encountered in plantations, as well as the fact that uniform spacing of plantations should allow for the achievement of optimal jack pine cover at lower densities than would be required in a natural-origin stand.</p>
Is mowing effective in reducing rodent damage to forest plantations?
<p>Forest trees, particularly at a young age in afforestation, are susceptible to bark gnawing by herbivorous rodents such as voles. Few preventive measures for vole damage exist, although mowing to control herbaceous vegetation is often suggested. However, no empirical evidence supports the claim that mowing prevents or inhibits rodent damage to seedlings in a forest ecosystem. We examined the effects of single mowing on rodent population dynamics and the amount of damage they cause. The study was conducted in 2019 - 2021 at 34 randomly selected European beech forest plantations in Poland, with half manually mowed in late summer.</p> <h3>Methods</h3> <div> <p><strong>Rodent damage to trees</strong><br>To assess the duration and intensity of bark damage caused by small rodents, European beech saplings on 20 forest plantations were monitored monthly from December to April. Tree gnawing intensity was conducted from December 2019 to April 2021. During the tree survey, 150 beech saplings were inspected for signs of gnawing marks in each selected plantation. Any newly gnawed trees were recorded and marked. The proportion of gnawed trees to unaffected trees per month was used to measure damage intensity.</p> <p><strong>Small rodent abundance</strong><br>To estimate rodent abundance, small rodent surveys were conducted on 30 of the plantations. Surveys for rodents and tree damage were carried out in 16 plantations. Trapping lasted from January 2020 to August 2021. The small rodent’s community structure and population dynamics were surveyed using a catch-mark-release method during 5-day live-trapping sessions conducted eight times approximately every three months. Trapping sites were designated randomly within the plantations. At each site, 15 wooden boxes baited with oats and apples were placed in three rows 10 m apart and checked every 12 hours. Captured rodents were identified to species, marked non-individually by fur clipping at first capture, or recorded as a recapture.</p> </div>
Data for: Male, female and mixed-sex poplar plantations support divergent soil microbial communities
<p>Mixed-species forests are often more productive than monocultures because of a lower niche overlap and higher taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Males and females of dioecious plants have sex-specific adaptations to diverse habitats. The potential of using sexual differences in establishing more diverse poplar plantations has not been explored in degraded areas. We conducted a series of greenhouse and field experiments to investigate how belowground competition, soil microbial communities and seasonal variation nitrogen content differ among female, male and mixed-sex <em>Populus cathayana</em> plantations. In the greenhouse experiment, female neighbors suppressed the growth of males under optimal nitrogen conditions. However, male neighbors enhanced δ<sup>15</sup>N of females under inter-sexual competition. In the field, the root length density, root area density and biomass of fine roots were lower in female plantations than in male or mixed-sex plantations. Bacterial networks of female, male and mixed-sex plantations were characterized by different composition of hub nodes, including connectors, module and network hubs. The sex composition of plantations altered bacterial and fungal community structures according to Bray-Curtis distances, with 44% and 65% of variance explained by the root biomass, respectively. The total soil nitrogen content of mixed-sex plantation was higher than that in female plantation in spring and summer. The mixed-sex plantation also had a higher β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity in summer and a higher nitrification rate in autumn than the other two plantations. The seasonal soil N content, nitrification rate and root distribution traits demonstrated spatiotemporal niche separation in the mixed-sex plantation. We argue that a strong female-female competition and limited nitrogen content could strongly impede plant growth and reduce the resistance of monosex plantations to climate change and the mixed-sex plantations constitutes a promising way to restore degraded land.</p>
Data from: Contrasting depth-related fine root plastic responses to soil warming in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
<p>Warming-induced soil drought especially in topsoil may enlarge the spatial mismatch between nutrients and water along the soil profile, which impedes the uptake of not only water but also nutrients by trees. Therefore, coordinating the acquisition of soil water and nutrients along the soil profile is an important strategy for trees to cope with global warming.</p> <p>This study examined soil depth-related changes in nutrient concentrations, biomass, and morphology of fine roots in a Chinese fir plantation after 3 years of large-scale manipulative soil warming.</p> <p>Soil warming (ambient + 4°C) increased fine root nitrogen (N) concentrations but decreased fine root phosphorus (P) concentrations across soil depths. Warming did not affect total fine root biomass and its vertical distribution. At the 0–10 cm depth, warming increased specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), fine root diameter (RD), and root length density (RLD) but reduced root tissue density (RTD). In the 40–60 cm layer, warming reduced RD, SRL, and RLD while increasing RTD mainly for roots of the 1–2 mm diameter class.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: We concluded that roots of Chinese fir plantations could adapt to warming-induced moderate water stress through contrasting depth-related root morphological adjustments, probably to optimize the acquisition of both soil water and nutrients. The results of this study are crucial for understanding the adaptation strategies of subtropical forests under future climate conditions.</p>
Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
<p>This data was prepared to compare insect damage on white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss, Pinaceae) growing in plantations with naturally regenerated trees under mature forest canopies in the boreal forest (Québec, Canada). We selected ten sites in the naturally regenerated forest and small, multispecies plantations and sampled ten young trees (per site) in late summer 2020 and again in early and late summer 2021. We recorded overall rates of damage for galls, damage by spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Clemens, 1865)), spruce bud midge, spruce budmoth, spruce gall midge, cooley adelgid, defoliation from sawflies and other caterpillars.</p>
Data on Trait diversity and spider community composition are associated with lower herbivory in young forest plantations
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Plantation Shutters
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Data from: Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions
<p>Data from: Multispecies forest plantations outyield monocultures across a broad range of conditions (doi: 10.1126/science.abm6363).</p>
Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
<p>Planting forests is a commonly suggested measure to mitigate climate change. The resulting changes in habitat structure can greatly influence the diversity and abundance of pre-existing wildlife. Understanding these consequences is key for avoiding unintended impacts of afforestation on habitats and populations of conservation concern. Afforestation in lowland Iceland has been gaining momentum in recent years and further increases are planned. Iceland supports internationally important breeding populations of several ground-nesting, migratory bird species that mostly breed in open habitats. If afforestation impacts the distribution and abundance of these species, the consequences may be apparent throughout their non-breeding ranges across Europe and Africa. To quantify the effects of plantation forests on the abundance and distribution of ground-nesting birds (in particular waders, Charadriiformes), surveys were conducted on 161 transects (surrounding 118 plantations) perpendicular to forest edges throughout Iceland. The resulting variation in density with distance from plantation was used to estimate the likely changes in bird numbers resulting from future afforestation plans, and to explore the potential effects of different planting configuration (size and number of forest patches) scenarios. Of seven wader species, densities of five (golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), dunlin (Calidris alpina) and black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa)) in the 200 m surrounding plantations were just over half of those further away (up to 700 m). Redshank (Tringa totanus) densities were lowest <150 m from the plantation edge while snipe (Gallinago gallinago) densities were 50% higher close to plantations (0-50 m) than further away (51-700 m), and no consistent effects of plantation height, diameter, density or type were identified. Plantations are typically small and widespread, and simulated scenarios indicated that total declines in bird abundance resulting from planting trees in one large block (1000 ha) could result in only ~11% of the declines predicted from planting multiple small blocks (1 ha) in similar habitats. Synthesis and application: The severe impact that planting forests in open landscapes can have on populations of ground-nesting birds emphasises the need for strategic planning of tree-planting schemes. Given Iceland's statutory commitments to species protection and the huge contribution of Iceland to global migratory bird flyways, these are challenges that must be addressed quickly, before population-level impacts are observed across migratory ranges.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.