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Figure 1 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 1. Tissues of hydrophiloid beetles used for chromosome preparations (as dissected, without any additional treatment, (B–E) in dorsal view; (A) Helophorus grandis; (B, C, I) Laccobius bipunctatus; (D–H) Coelostoma orbiculare). A, egg with a developing embryo. B–C, internal organs of the same male specimen in translucent light (B) and on black background (C). D, internal organs of a female with digestive system pulled aside. E, internal organs of male specimen. F, details of ovarioles and associated accessory glands. G–I, detail of midgut structure on black background (G) and in translucent light (H, I). Abbreviations: accg, accessory glands; aed, aedeagus; hg, hindgut; mg, midgut; Mt, Malpighian tubes; oo, ovarioles; ovi, ovipositor; rc, regeneration crypts; tes, testes. Not to scale.

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Figure 2 in Karyotypes of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae): new data and review of published records

Figure 2. Karyotypes of the Amphiopini and Laccobiini. A–E, Amphiops mater, mitotic methaphase from midgut. F–L, Laccobius decorus, mitotic metaphase from midgut. A, C, F, H, J, without treatment. B, D, G, I, K, C-banded. Habitus figures: (E) Amphiops mater; (L) Laccobius decorus.

Figures 72–77 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 72–77. Larva of Limnoxenus niger, first instar (72–74) and third instar (75–77). 72, 75, labroclypeus. 73, 76, head capsule in dorsal view. 74, 77, head capsule in ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 72, 75: 0.05 mm, Figs 73–74, 76–59: 0.1 mm.

Figures 54–59 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 54–59. Larva of Limnohydrobius melaenus, first instar (54–56) and third instar (57–59). 54, 57, labroclypeus. 55, 58, head capsule in dorsal view. 56, 59, head capsule in ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 54, 57: 0.05 mm, Figs 55–56, 58–59: 0.1 mm.

Figures 68–71 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 68–71. Larva of Limnohydrobius melaenus, first instar (68–69) and third instar (70–71). 68, 70, mentum and prementum, dorsal view. 69, 71, mentum and prementum, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figures 44–53. Hybogralius hartmeyeri, third instar larva. 44–46 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 44–53. Hybogralius hartmeyeri, third instar larva. 44–46, head capsule (44, dorsally; 45, ventrally; 46, labroclypeus). 47–48, mandibles, dorsal view (47, left mandible; 48, right mandible). 49, antenna, dorsal view. 50–51, maxilla (50, dorsal view; 51, ventral view). 52, mentum and prementum, dorsal view. 53, prementum, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 44–45: 0.1 mm, Figs 46–53: 0.05 mm.

Figures 35–43. Ametor scabrosus, first instar larva. 35–37 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 35–43. Ametor scabrosus, first instar larva. 35–37, head capsule (35, dorsally; 36, ventrally; 37, labroclypeus). 38, antenna, dorsal view. 39, right mandible, dorsal view. 40–41, maxilla (40, dorsal view; 41, ventral view). 42–43, mentum and prementum (42, dorsal view; 43, ventral view). Scale bars: Figs 35–36: 0.1 mm, Figs 37–43: 0.05 mm.

Figures 31–34 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 31–34. Larva of Hydramara argentina, first instar (31–32) and third instar (33–34). 31, 33, mentum and prementum, dorsal view. 32, 34, mentum and prementum, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm.

Figures 1–12 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 1–12. Hydrobiusini larvae, third instar larval habitus in dorsal, lateral and ventral view: 1–3, Hydramara argentina. 4–6, Limnohydrobius melaenus. 7–9, Sperchopsis tessellata. 10–12, Limnoxenus niger. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figures 17–22 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 17–22. Larva of Hydramara argentina, first instar (17–19) and third instar (20–22). 17, 20, clypeolabrum. 18, 21, head capsule in dorsal view. 19, 22, head capsule in ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 17, 20: 0.05 mm, Figs 18–19, 21–22: 0.1 mm.

Figures 13–16. 13–14 in Larval chaetotaxy and morphology are highly homoplastic yet phylogenetically informative in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Figures 13–16. 13–14, cuticular projections on head capsule: 13, Ametor scabrosus. 14, Sperchopsis tessellata. 15, Hydramara argentina, antenna of third instar larva showing secondary setae on A1 (gAN2) and basal pores on A2 (AN6 refers to the pore that is on the antennal segment). 16, Hydramara argentina, symmetrical nasale of one atypical first instar larva.

Figure 10 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 10. Frame sequences of videos showing feeding behavior. A, Tropisternus latus Brullé, 1837, note that the larvae raise the head out of water while feeding. B, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837. C, Hemiosus dejeanii (Solier, 1849). D, Oocyclus magnifica Hebauer & Wang, 1998. See also Supporting Information, Videos S1–S4.

Figure 7 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 7. Labroclypeal region of Laccobius larvae. A, B, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C–E, Laccobius (Microlaccobius) sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: C, left epistomal lobe; D; detail of gFR2 setae; E, seta-like cuticular projections of the latero-ventral membranous lobe. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 4. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 4. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photographs, dorsal view: A, left mandible; B, detail of mandibular teeth; C, right mandible. D–F, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: D, left mandible; E, detail of mandibular teeth; F, right mandible. Abbreviations: rc1, first retinaculum; rc2, second retinaculum; rc3, third retinaculum; pt, prostheca.

Figure 1 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 1. Head capsule of larvae with chewing (A–C) and piercing-sucking (D–I) feeding system, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, second-instar larva. B, Tropisternus setiger Germar, 1824, firstinstar larva. C, Derallus paranensis Oliva, 1981, first instar larva. D, Berosus sp., third-instar larva. E, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva. F, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva 1996), third-instar larva. G, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, third-instar larva. H, Hybogralius hartmeyeri (Régimbart, 1908), third-instar larva, light microscope photograph. I, Epimetopus mendeli Fikáček et al. 2011, first-instar larva.

Figure 3. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 3. Piercing-sucking mandibles. A–C, Berosus patruelis Berg, 1885, first-instar larva, SEM micrograph: A, left mandible, ventral view; B, detail of mandibular teeth, ventral view; C, right mandible, dorsal view. D–F, Laccobius hammondi Gentili, 1984, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: D, left mandible; E, detail of mandibular teeth; F, right mandible. G–I, Oocyclus iguazu (Oliva, 1996) third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view; G, left mandible; H, detail of mandibular teeth; I, right mandible.

Figure 15 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 15. Phylogeny of the Hydrophiloidea with mapped evolution of tracheal system (A) and mouthparts (B, C). Two alternative ancestral state reconstructions of mouthparts, considering mouthparts of the Pelthydrus-group as: B, piercingsucking; C, chewing (only tribe Laccobiini shown). D, number of species of aquatic genera of Hydrophilidae with known larvae. Colors of branches/bars/pie-charts indicate functional morphology of mouthparts (red = piercing-sucking, blue = chewing, green = filter-feeding) and development of the tracheal system (grey = open; orange = closed).

Figure 6 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 6. Labroclypeal region of Hemiosus larvae. A, B, Hemiosus bruchi Knisch, 1924, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C–E, Hemiosus multimaculatus (Jensen-Haarup, 1910), third-instar larva, dorsal view: C, left epistomal lobe, SEM micrograph; D, detail of gFR2 serrated setae, SEM micrograph; E, left epistomal lobe, light microscope photograph. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 5 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 5. Labroclypeal region of larvae with chewing feeding system, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Tropisternus acaragua Bachmann, 1969, first-instar larva. B, Hydrochara caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758), first-instar larva. C, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, second-instar larva. D, Derallus paranensis Oliva, 1981, first instar larva. E, Helochares ventricosus Bruch, 1915, first-instar larva. F, Hydroglobus puncticolle Bruch, 1915, third-instar larva. G, Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), third-instar larva. H, Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761), third-instar larva, white arrow indicates labroclypeal notch. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.

Figure 2 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)

Figure 2. Chewing mandibles, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Derallus sp., first-instar larva. B, Enochrus sp., firstinstar larva. C, Tropisternus sp., second-instar larva. D, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, first-instar larva. E, Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), third-instar larva. F, Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761), third-instar larva. Abbreviations: rc1, first retinaculum; rc2, second retinaculum; rc3, third retinaculum.