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370 results for “seasonal variations”
Pattern of seasonal variation in rates of predation between spider families is temporally stable in a food web with widespread intraguild predation
<p>Intraguild predation (IGP) – predation between generalist predators (IGPredator and IGPrey) that potentially compete for a shared prey resource – is a common interaction module in terrestrial food webs. Understanding temporal variation in webs with widespread IGP is relevant to testing food web theory. We investigated temporal constancy in the structure of such a system: the spider-focused food web of the forest floor. Multiplex PCR was used to detect prey DNA in 3,300 adult spiders collected from the floor of a deciduous forest during spring, summer, and fall over four years. Because only spiders were defined as consumers, the web was tripartite, with 11 consumer nodes (spider families) and 22 resource nodes: 11 non-spider arthropod taxa (order- or family-level) and the 11 spider families. Most (99%) spider-spider predation was on spider IGPrey, and ~90% of these interactions were restricted to spider families within the same broadly defined foraging mode (cursorial or web-spinning spiders). Bootstrapped-derived confidence intervals (BCI's) for two indices of web structure, restricted connectance and interaction evenness, overlapped broadly across years and seasons. A third index, % IGPrey (% IGPrey among all prey of spiders), was similar across years (~50%) but varied seasonally, with a summer rate (65%) ~1.8x higher than spring and fall. This seasonal pattern was consistent across years. Our results suggest that extensive spider predation on spider IGPrey that exhibits consistent seasonal variation in frequency, and that occurs primarily within two broadly defined spider-spider interaction pathways, must be incorporated into models of the dynamics of forest-floor food webs. </p>
Climate-associated variation in the within-season dynamics of juvenile ticks in California
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No relationship between chronotype and timing of breeding when variation in daily activity patterns across the breeding season is taken into account
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A field experiment reveals seasonal variation in the Daphnia gut microbiome
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Pattern of seasonal variation in rates of predation between spider families is temporally stable in a food web with widespread intraguild predation
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Data from: Social and seasonal variation in dwarf mongoose home-range size, daily movements and burrow use
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Data and code from: Seasonal timing of ecosystem linkage mediates life-history variation in a salmonid fish population
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Season-specific genetic variation underlies early-life migration in a partially migratory bird
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Data from: Additive genetic and environmental variation interact to shape the dynamics of seasonal migration in a wild bird population
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Data from: Variation in season length and development time is sufficient to drive the emergence and coexistence of social and solitary behavioral strategies
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Data from: Spatial and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity within North American bird species
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Seasonal and ontological variation in diet and age-related differences in prey choice, by an insectivorous songbird
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Data from: Intra-specific variation in tree growth responses to neighborhood composition and seasonal drought in a tropical forest
<p>1. Functional traits are expected to provide insights into the abiotic and biotic drivers of plant demography. However, successfully linking traits to plant demographic performance likely requires the consideration of important contextual and individual-level information that is often ignored in trait-based ecology.</p> <p>2. Here, we modeled 8 years of growth from 1,138 individual trees from 36 tropical rain forest species. We compared models of tree growth parameterized using individual-level versus species mean trait data. We also compared models that considered regional climatic, local biotic and whole-plant allocation contexts to those that do not.</p> <p>3. Our analyses show that growth models parameterized using individual-level trait information outperformed those that used species mean trait information and that these models often contradicted one another indicating that the common practice of using species mean trait data requires more scrutiny. Additionally, we found that models including climatic, biotic and allocation contexts outperformed those that did not and provide nuanced insights into the drivers of tree growth in a tropical forest.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Here, we have shown that the development of models of tree demographic performance upon the basis of traits can be improved through a consideration of individual-level trait variation as well as phenotypic and climatic contexts. We highlight that our ability to understand the drivers of tree population and community structure and dynamics in current and in future climates will be limited if contextual and individual-level data remains understudied.</p>
Data from: Genotypic variation in the induction and persistence of transgenerational responses to seasonal cues
Phenotypes respond to environments experienced directly by an individual, via phenotypic plasticity, or to the environment experienced by ancestors, via transgenerational environmental effects. The adaptive value of environmental effects depends not only on the strength and direction of the induced response, but also on how long the response persists within and across generations, and how stably it is expressed across environments that are encountered subsequently. Little is known about the genetic basis of those distinct components, or even whether they exhibit genetic variation. We tested for genetic differences in the inducibility, temporal persistence, and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic variation existed in the inducibility of transgenerational effects on traits expressed across the life cycle. Surprisingly, the persistence of transgenerational effects into the third generation was uncorrelated with their induction in the second generation. While environmental effects for some traits in some genotypes weakened over successive generations, others were stronger or even in the opposite direction in more distant generations. Therefore, transgenerational effects in more distant generations are not merely caused by the retention or dissipation of those expressed in prior generations, but they may be genetically independent traits with the potential to evolve independently.
Data from: Among-individual and within-individual variation in seasonal migration covaries with subsequent reproductive success in a partially-migratory bird
<p>Within-individual and among-individual variation in expression of key environmentally-sensitive traits, and associated variation in fitness components occurring within and between years, determine the extents of phenotypic plasticity and selection and shape population responses to changing environments. Reversible seasonal migration is one key trait that directly mediates spatial escape from seasonally-deteriorating environments, causing spatio-seasonal population dynamics. Yet, within-individual and among-individual variation in seasonal migration versus year-round residence, and dynamic associations with subsequent reproductive success, have not been fully quantified. We used novel capture-mark-recapture mixture models to assign individual European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to 'resident, 'early migrant' or 'late migrant' strategies in two consecutive years, using year-round local resightings. We demonstrate substantial among-individual variation in strategy within years, and directional within-individual change between years. Further, subsequent reproductive success varied substantially among strategies, and relationships differed between years; residents and late migrants had highest success in the two years respectively, matching the years in which these strategies were most frequently expressed. These results imply that migratory strategies can experience fluctuating reproductive selection, and that flexible expression of migration can be partially aligned with reproductive outcomes. Plastic seasonal migration could then potentially contribute to adaptive population responses to currently changing forms of environmental seasonality.</p>
Data: Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning
<p>This data file consists of state-space model-derived locations and individual data used to analyze transmitter effects for sea ducks in Eastern North America and is associated with the manuscript "Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning" published in Ecography. Columns are organized as follows:</p> <p>id - unique identifier</p> <p>species - species from which the centroid was obtained (BLSC = black scoter, COEI = common eider, LTDU = long-tailed duck, SUSC = surf scoter, WWSC = white-winged scoter)</p> <p>date - date of location (mm/dd/yy)</p> <p>jday - Julian date of location</p> <p>year - calendar year of location</p> <p>lon - longitude of location</p> <p>lat - latitude of location</p> <p>b - average assignment of location to either migrant (1) or resident (2) across all runs of the state-space model</p> <p>b.5 - most probable behavioral category based on average state assignment (1 = b ≤ 1.5 ; 2 = b > 1.5)</p> <p>sex - sex of individual (M = male, F = female)</p> <p>age - age of individual (HY = hatch year, SY = second year, TY = third year, ASY = after second year, ATY = after third year, AHY = after hatch year</p> <p>capture_reg - general area where individual was captured</p> <p>capture_subreg - specific region within capture region where individual was captured</p> <p>stage - period of the annual cycle to which the centroid belongs (W = winter, B = breeding, S = spring staging, M = fall staging and molt, WM = winter migration, BM = breeding migration, MM = molt migration, SM = spring migration)</p> <p>site - position of centroid within season (i.e., W1 = first site occupied during winter, W2 = second site occupied, etc.)</p> <p>cycle - number of annual cycles following transmitter attachment (1 = first cycle after attachment, 2 = second cycle after attachment, etc.)</p> <p>season - season of annual cycle in which centroid occurred (W = winter, F = fall, B = breeding, S = spring)</p>
Seasonality and interspecific competition shape individual niche variation in co-occurring tetra fish in Neotropical streams
The drivers of intraspecific niche variation and its effects on species interactions are still unclear, especially in species-rich Neotropical environments. Here, we investigated how ecological opportunity and interspecific competition affect the degree of individual trophic specialization and the population niche breadth in tetra fish. We studied the four ecologically similar species (Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus, P. aff. paranae, P. bifasciatus, and Bryconamericus ikaa) in subtropical headwater streams (three sites with two co-occurring species and three sites with only one species). We sampled fish in two contrasting seasons (winter/dry and summer/wet), and quantified their trophic niches using gut content analysis. Psalidodon bifasciatus was the only species distributed over all the sampled streams. We observed seasonal differences in population trophic niche breadth of P. bifasciatus just when this species co-occurred with P. aff. gymnodontus. These findings confirm the complex nature of the effects of interspecific competition, depending, for instance, on the identity of the competitor. The degree of individual specialization of P. bifasciatus was higher in the winter, and it was not influenced by the presence of another species. Conversely, the other two Psalidodon species studied presented greater individual specialization in the summer, when fish consumed a higher proportion of allochthonous items (terrestrial insects and seeds), and there were no effects only for B. ikaa. Herein, our results suggest that seasonality in food-resource availability is a major driver of niche variation and it has the potential to play an important role in how these similar tetra species interact and coexist.
Seasonal isotopic niche of a rodent: High between-individual variation but no changes in individual niche width during the rich-resource period
<p>The dynamics of trophic niche width in animals at both population- and individual-level is potentially influenced by temporal variation of food resources, by between-individual differences in food-resource rank preferences<span class="fontstyle01"><span>, and also by competition</span></span>. Using stable isotope of carbon and nitrogen (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N) of fecal samples, we investigated the trophic niche dynamics and individual variation in food-resource use by the arboreal rat <i>Rhipidomys macrurus</i>, in the highly seasonal Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). We tested the hypothesis that dietary niche expansion during the rich-resource period (wet season) occurs via individual specialization and consequently lower individual niche overlap in contrast with niche retraction during the low-resource period (dry season) via increase in niche overlap and expansion of individual niches. The results indicated that <i>R</i>.<i> macrurus</i> is primarily frugivorous and presents a wider isotopic niche in the rich-resource period in comparison to the low-resource period. The increase in niche width was achieved by individual specialization (decrease in niche overlap), as expected. During the low-resource period, however, individual niche widths were not wider than during the rich-resource period. Additionally, individual body condition was lower in the wet season than in the dry season, suggesting higher competition in this period. We conclude that an increase in the population niche may involve only between-individual variation and not necessarily requiring changes in individual niche width. We propose that the combination of ecological opportunity (high resource diversity) in addition to a greater competition in the warm-wet season leads to expansion of the population trophic niche width via individual specialization. </p>
Predictability of temporal variation in climate and the evolution of seasonal polyphenism in tropical butterflies
<p>Phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments can provide tight environment-phenotype matching. However, the pre-requisite is a reliable environmental cue(s) that enables organisms to use current environmental information to induce the development of a phenotype with high fitness in a forthcoming environment. Here we quantify predictability in the timing of precipitation and temperature change to examine how this is associated with seasonal polyphenism in tropical Mycalesina butterflies. Seasonal precipitation in the tropics typically results in distinct selective environments, the wet- and dry seasons, and changes in temperature can be a major environmental cue. We sampled communities of Mycalesina butterflies from two seasonal and one aseasonal location. Quantifying environmental predictability using wavelet analysis and Colwell's indices confirmed a strong periodicity of precipitation over a 12-month period at both seasonal locations compared to the aseasonal one. However, temperature seasonality and periodicity differed between the two seasonal locations. We further show that: (1) most females from both seasonal locations synchronise their reproduction with the seasons by breeding in the wet season but arresting reproduction in the dry season. In contrast, all species breed throughout the year in the aseasonal location, and (2) species from the seasonal locations, but not those from the aseasonal location, exhibited polyphenism in wing pattern traits (eyespot size). We conclude that seasonal precipitation and its predictability are primary factors shaping the evolution of polyphenism in Mycalesina butterflies, and populations or species secondarily evolve local adaptations for cue use that depend on the local variation in the environment.</p>
Data from: Breeding season length and nest mortality drive cryptic life history variation in Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) breeding across a montane elevation gradient
The manner in which individual life history traits respond to the environment and to each other, and how these traits combine to form overall patterns of life history variation, remains poorly characterized in wild populations. We monitored breeding Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) across a 700-m elevational range. We compared breeding season length, temporal patterns of breeding activity, adult body size, clutch size, brood size, nestling quality, and nest mortality among elevations. We also compared environmental measures across the studied elevations to determine whether abiotic factors explained life history trait variation. We used 12 microsatellite loci to test for genetic differentiation in populations at different elevations. Finally, we constructed a computer simulation to evaluate the combined effects of observed variation in life history traits. We found differences among elevations in breeding season length and in patterns of reproductive timing, which did not match each other and which were not explained solely by abiotic factors. We found no differences among elevations in adult body size, clutch size, brood size, or nestling quality. Nest mortality increased significantly with elevation. Genetic differentiation was too low to define distinct subpopulations. The simulation suggested that differences in mortality, in combination with differences in breeding season length, contributed to substantial differences in reproductive success among elevations. Thus, although individual life history traits showed little evidence of variation in response to the environment or to each other and little genetic differentiation, variation in breeding season length and in nest mortality were potential drivers of substantial elevational variation in overall life history in this system. These results demonstrate that individual life history traits may vary substantially in their patterns of variation, and that some life history traits may have disproportionate effects on overall life history.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.