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143 results for “sex roles”
Data from: Role of sex and migration in adaptation to sink environments
Understanding the effects of sex and migration on adaptation to novel environments remains a key problem in evolutionary biology. Using a single-cell alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we investigated how sex and migration affected rates of evolutionary rescue in a sink environment, and subsequent changes in fitness following evolutionary rescue. We show that sex and migration affect both the rate of evolutionary rescue and subsequent adaptation. However, their combined effects change as the populations adapt to a sink habitat. Both sex and migration independently increased rates of evolutionary rescue, but the effect of sex on subsequent fitness improvements, following initial rescue, changed with migration, as sex was beneficial in the absence of migration but constraining adaptation when combined with migration. These results suggest that sex and migration are beneficial during the initial stages of adaptation, but can become detrimental as the population adapts to its environment.
A role for sex determination genes in life history evolution? Doublesex mediates sexual size dimorphism in the gazelle dung beetle
<p>An organism's fitness depends strongly on its age and size at maturation. Although the evolutionary forces acting on these critical life history traits have been heavily scrutinized, the developmental mechanisms underpinning intraspecific variation in adult size and development time remain much less well understood. Using RNA interference, I here show that the highly conserved sex determination gene <i>doublesex </i>(<i>dsx</i>) mediates sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the gazelle dung beetle <i>Digitonthophagus gazella</i>. Because <i>doublesex</i> undergoes sex-specific splicing and sex-limited isoforms regulate different target genes, this suggests <i>dsx</i> contributes to the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict in body size. However, these results contrast with previous studies demonstrating that <i>dsx </i>does not affect body size or SSD in <i>Drosophila</i>. This indicates that intraspecific body size variation is underlain by different developmental mechanisms in different insect lineages. Furthermore, although male <i>D. gazella</i> have a longer development time than females, sexual bimaturism was not affected by <i>dsx</i> expression knockdown. In addition, and in contrast to secondary sexual morphology, <i>dsx</i> did not significantly affect nutritional plasticity in life history. Taken together, these findings indicate that <i>dsx</i> signaling contributes to intraspecific life history variation but that <i>dsx</i>'s function in sexual dimorphism in life history differs among traits and species. More generally, these findings suggest that genes ancestrally tasked with sex determination have been coopted into the developmental regulation of life history traits and may represent an underappreciated mechanism of life history evolution.</p>
Data from: Sex ratio and density affect sexual selection in a sex-role reversed fish
Understanding how demographic processes influence mating systems is important to decode ecological influences on sexual selection in nature. We manipulated sex ratio and density in experimental populations of the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle. We quantified sexual selection using the Bateman gradient (ß′ss), the opportunity for selection (I), and sexual selection (Is), and the maximum standardized sexual selection differential (s′max). We also measured selection on body length using standardized selection differentials (s′) and mating differentials (m′), and tested whether the observed I and Is differ from values obtained by simulating random mating. We found that I, Is, and s′max, but not ß′ss, were higher for females under female- than male-bias and the opposite for males, but density did not affect these measures. However, higher density decreased sexual selection (m′ but not s′) on female length, but selection on body length was not affected by sex ratio. Finally, Is but not I was higher than expected from random mating, and only for females under female bias. This study demonstrates that both sex ratio and density affect sexual selection and that disentangling interrelated demographic processes is essential to a more complete understanding of mating behavior and the evolution of mating systems.
Data from: Sex roles and mutual mate choice matters during mate sampling
The roles of females and males in mating competition and mate choice have lately proven more variable, between and within species, than previously thought. In nature, mating competition occurs during mate search, and is expected to be regulated by the numbers of potential mates and same-sex competitors. Here, we present the first study to test how a temporal change in sex roles affects mating competition and mate choice during mate sampling. Our model system (the marine fish Gobiusculus flavescens) is uniquely suitable because of its change in sex roles, from conventional to reversed, over the breeding season. As predicted from sex role theory, courtship was typically initiated by males and terminated by females early in the breeding season. The opposite pattern was observed late in the season, at which time several females often simultaneously courted the same male. Mate-searching females visited more males early than late in the breeding season. Our study shows that mutual mate choice and mating competition can have profound effects on female and male behavior. Future work needs to consider the dynamical nature of mating competition and mate choice if we aim to fully understand sexual selection in the wild.
Data from: Sexual selection on female ornaments in the sex-role-reversed Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli)
Understanding how selection acts on traits individually and in combination is an important step in deciphering the mechanisms driving evolutionary change, but for most species, and especially those in which sexual selection acts more strongly on females than on males, we have no estimates of selection coefficients pertaining to the multivariate sexually selected phenotype. Here, we use a laboratory-based mesocosm experiment to quantify pre- and post-mating selection on female secondary sexual traits in the Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli), a sexually dimorphic, sex-role-reversed species in which ornamented females compete for access to choosy males. We calculate selection differentials and gradients on female traits, including ornament area, ornament number and body size for three episodes of selection related to female reproductive success (number of mates, number of eggs transferred and number of surviving embryos). Selection is strong on both ornament area and ornament size, and the majority of selection occurs during the premating episode of selection. Interestingly, selection on female body size, which has been detected in previous studies of Gulf pipefish, appears to be indirect, as evidenced by a multivariate analysis of selection gradients. Our results show that sexual selection favours either many bands or larger bands in female Gulf pipefish.
Figure 1 in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 1. Male of Limnonectes palavanensis attending a clutch of eggs.
Figure 5. A in Prolonged parental behaviour by males of Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger 1894), a frog with possible sex-role reversal
Figure 5. A male (striped morph) Limnonectes palavanensis transporting tadpoles on his back.
Figure 1 from: Juárez ML, Devescovi F, Břízová R, Bachmann G, Segura DF, Kalinová B, Fernández P, Ruiz MJ, Yang J, Teal PEA, Cáceres C, Vreysen MJB, Hendrichs J, Vera MT (2015) Evaluating mating compatibility within fruit fly cryptic species complexes and the potential role of sex pheromones in pre-mating isolation. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 125-155. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.6133
Figure 1 - Walk-in field cage set up to evaluate female response to male pheromone: a artificial lek hanging from the tree b Anastrepha fraterculus female over an artificial lek.
Sex-related Differences in Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetics: Role of Uric Acid
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03648996. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Exploring the Modulatory Role of Sex Hormones Along the Neuromechanical Axis in Females
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03947684. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Sex ratio and density affect sexual selection in a sex-role reversed fish
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Data from: Sperm competition generates evolution of increased paternal investment in a sex role-reversed seed beetle
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Data from: Homage to Bateman: sex roles predict sex differences in sexual selection
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Data from: Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom
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Data from: Sex roles and mutual mate choice matters during mate sampling
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Data from: Neuroendocrine correlates of sex-role reversal in barred buttonquails
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Data from: Sacrificial males: the potential role of copulation and predation in contributing to copepod sex-skewed ratios
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Data from: Sexual selection on female ornaments in the sex-role-reversed Gulf pipefish (Syngnathus scovelli)
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Data from: Within-season variation in sexual selection in a fish with dynamic sex roles
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Data from: The paradox of obligate sex: the roles of sexual conflict and mate scarcity in transitions to facultative and obligate asexuality
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