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Fig. 1 in A Late Miocene potential neobalaenine mandible from Argentina sheds light on the origins of the living pygmy right whale
Fig. 1. Left mandible of a fossil neobalaenine baleen whale, gen. et sp. indet. (MPEF-PV2572) from Punta Ninfas Chubut Province, Argentina; Puerto Madryn Formation (Late Miocene). A. Lateral view. B. Medial view. C. Medial view of the posterior region of the mandible showing the morphology of the coronoid process. D. Dorsal view of the mandible showing the lateral curvature of the body. E. Anteromedial view of the mandible showing the medial torsion of the anteriormost portion of the body.
Fig. 2. Cox1 in Sarcocystis sp. shed by the common boa snake (Boa constrictor) in Brazil
Fig. 2. Cox1-based evolutionary analysis of Sarcocystis spp.: The tree was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura 3-parameter model. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites. The tree with the highest log likelihood is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. This analysis involved 31 nucleotide sequences. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated (complete deletion option). Branches marked with (•) contain sequences detected in snakes. The numbers between parenthesis represent the number of identical sequences at each terminal node. The names between parenthesis represent the hosts in which each sequence at terminal node was found. There were 807 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X.
Fig. 1 in Sarcocystis sp. shed by the common boa snake (Boa constrictor) in Brazil
Fig. 1. Sporocyst of Sarcocystis sp. shed by a common boa (Boa constrictor) in Bahia, Brazil. Four elongated sporozoites and a round residual body are observed inside the sporocyst. Bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 3. 18S in Sarcocystis sp. shed by the common boa snake (Boa constrictor) in Brazil
Fig. 3. 18S-based evolutionary analysis of Sarcocystis spp.: the tree was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura 3-parameter model. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites. The tree with the highest log likelihood is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. This analysis involved 69 nucleotide sequences. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated (complete deletion option). Branches marked with (•) contain sequences detected in snakes. The names between parenthesis represent the hosts in which each sequence at terminal node was found. There was a total of 624 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X.
Figure 9 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 9. Development of the endogenous ovary in Epiperipatus biolleyi. Transmission electron micrographs. A, position of the ovarian anlage beneath the presumptive heart and attached to the pericardial floor (pe) in an embryo with a full number of somites. Cross-section of the dorsal body. B, cross-section of an ovarian tube. Note the distinct separation into a germinal epithelium (ge), which contains the primordial germ cells (pgc), and a sterile epithelium (se). C, detail of the sterile epithelium. D, detail of the germinal epithelium. Arrowheads indicate apical junctions. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ec, ectoderm; ge, germinal ovarian epithelium; hc, haemocoel; hl, lumen of the presumptive heart; lu, lumen of the ovarian anlage; me, outer layer of mesodermal cells that will later form the ovarian musculature; nu, nucleus; pe, presumptive pericardial floor; pgc, primordial germ cells; se, sterile ovarian epithelium.
Figure 7 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 7. Internal organization of the endogenous ovary in Epiperipatus biolleyi. Light micrograph (A) and transmission electron micrographs (B–F). A, cross-section of the ovary (dorsal is up). Note the central position of ovarian lumen (lu) surrounded by germinal epithelium (ge) and the lack of a sterile epithelium. B, maturating oocyte (oc) from the germinal epithelium lying within a spherical chamber (ch), which is formed by specific cells (ce) of the germinal epithelium. C, detail of epithelial cells and an oocyte. Arrowheads indicate apical junctions. D, detail of the basal portion of the germinal epithelium with surrounding connective tissue containing muscle cells (mc). E, lower magnification of connective tissue showing numerous tracheal tubes (arrows). F, peripheral region of connective tissue containing tracheal tubes (tr) and flattened cells with an electron-dense content (fc). Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ce, cells of germinal epithelium that form the oocyte chamber; ch, oocyte chamber; ct, connective tissue; fc, flattened cell; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cells; mv, microvilli; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocytes; tr, tracheal tubes.
Figure 5 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 5. Internal organization of the exogenous ovary in Opisthopatus roseus (A–C, E, F) and Peripatopsis balfouri (D). Transmission electron micrographs. A, detail of ovarian epithelia and lumen. Arrowheads indicate apical junctions connecting epithelial cells. B, mitotically dividing oogonium (og) from the germinal epithelium. C, maturating oocyte (oc) with associated cells (ce) of modified germinal epithelium. Arrows point to the basal lamina which is strongly folded. D, maturating oc in the process of breaking through the connective tissue and growing out into the haemocoel. E, detail of dorsal ovarian wall showing the sterile epithelium (se) and the connective tissue (ct), which contains the musculature (mc). F, higher magnification of connective tissue showing muscle cells and collagen fibres. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ce, cells associated with an oocyte (sometimes referred to as 'follicle cells' in the literature); cg, collagen fibres; ct, connective tissue; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; he, haemocyte; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cell; mt, mitochondria; mv, microvilli; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocyte; og, oogonium; se, sterile epithelium; st, growing stalk.
Figure 4 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 4. Internal organization of the exogenous ovary in Opisthopatus roseus (A, B) and Peripatopsis balfouri (C). Transmission electron micrographs. A, cross-section through the middle of the ovary. Dorsal is up. Note the unpaired lumen (lu) and the separation of the ovarian epithelium into a dorsal sterile epithelium (se) and a ventral germinal epithelium (ge). B, stalked oocytes enclosed by a vitelline membrane (= primary egg membrane). C, detail of a stalk. Arrows indicate intermediate filaments, arrowheads point to hemidesmosomes. Inset shows continuity of the basal lamina covering a stalk and a maturating oocyte that bulges into the haemocoel of the female. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ct, connective tissue; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; lu, ovarian lumen; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocytes; se, sterile epithelium; st, stalk; vm, vitelline membrane.
Figure 6 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 6. Internal organization of the pseudoendogenous ovary in Metaperipatus inae (A–E) and Metaperipatus blainvillei (F). Light micrographs (A, B) and transmission electron micrographs (C–F). A, cross-section of the ovary (dorsal is up). Note the lateral position of the crescent-shaped ovarian lumen (lu) and the central position of the germinal epithelium (ge). B, detail of stalked oocytes (oc) from the germinal epithelium, which do not bulge into the haemocoel but retain their position within the ovary. C, detail of cells (ce) surrounding a maturating oocytes in the germinal epithelium. D, detail of a stalk. Arrows indicate the intermediate filaments. E, detail of the lumen and ovarian epithelia. The epithelial cells are connected by an apical junction (arrowhead). F, lateral ovarian wall consisting of the sterile epithelium (se) and connective tissue containing muscle cells (mc), a haemocyte (he), and sperm (sh). Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ce, cells associated with an oocyte; cg, collagen fibres; ct, connective tissue; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; he, haemocyte; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cell; mv, microvilli; nl, nucleolus; nu, nucleus; oc, maturating oocyte; se, sterile epithelium; sh, sperm head; st, stalk; sw, sterile ovarian wall.
Figure 3 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 3. Diagram of internal organization of the three major ovarian types in Onychophora: exogenous ovary (A, D), pseudoendogenous ovary (B, E), and endogenous ovary (C, F). A, cross-section of the exogenous ovary with separate ovarian tubes that occur, e.g. in Euperipatoides rowelli, Phallocephale tallagandensis, and Ooperipatellus insignis (Australian Peripatopsidae). B, cross-section of the pseudoendogenous ovary of Metaperipatus inae (Peripatopsidae, Chile). C, cross-section of the endogenous ovary of Epiperipatus biolleyi (Peripatidae, Costa Rica). Note the complete lack of a sterile epithelium. D, detail of the composition of the ovarian wall in Opisthopatus roseus (Peripatopsidae, South Africa). E, detail of the ovary in Met. inae. F, detail of the ovarian wall in Ep. biolleyi. Abbreviations: bl, basal lamina; ct, connective tissue; fc, flattened cell; ge, germinal epithelium; hc, haemocoel; lu, ovarian lumen; mc, muscle cell; oc, oocyte; se, sterile epithelium; st, stalk; tr, tracheae.
Figure 1 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 1. Simplified diagrams of paired versus variously fused structure of the ovarian tubes in Onychophora. Tissues are represented in light grey, ovarian lumen in dark grey. A, exogenous ovary of Typhloperipatus williamsoni (South-East Asian Peripatidae). Modified and complemented according to descriptions given by Kemp (1914). B–D, exogenous ovaries in three species of Peripatopsidae. B, Euperipatoides rowelli (Australia). Note the completely separate ovarian tubes in the middle of the ovary and the fused ovarian lumens at the anterior and posterior ends. A similar ovarian organization has been described in Peripatoides novaezealandiae from New Zealand (Sheldon, 1890: fig. 26). C, Peripatopsis balfouri (South Africa, cf. Fig. 2A). Although the ovarian tubes are fused, their lumens are separate along their entire length. D, Opisthopatus roseus (South Africa). Note the unpaired ovarian structure with a single lumen. E, pseudoendogenous ovary of Metaperipatus inae (Peripatopsidae, Chile, cf. Fig. 2B) with fused ovarian tubes but separate lumens. F, endogenous ovary of Epiperipatus biolleyi (Neotropical Peripatidae, cf. Fig. 2C) with lumens communicating only at the posterior end. G, endogenous ovary of Mesoperipatus tholloni (Peripatidae, Tropical Africa), modified and complemented after Bouvier (1905). Each ovarian tube is completely separate in this species.
Figure 10 in Position and development of oocytes in velvet worms shed light on the evolution of the ovary in Onychophora and Arthropoda
Figure 10. Mapping of three major types of onychophoran ovaries on simplified trees representing three different hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships of Onychophora. Onychophoran subgroups are designated by their geographical distribution. Note that the suggestion of the exogenous type as an ancestral feature of Onychophora is consistent with all three phylogenetic hypotheses. A, both Peripatopsidae and Peripatidae are monophyletic (phylogeny modified from Monge-Nájera, 1995: fig. 10). B, Peripatidae are nonmonophyletic (phylogeny simplified from Reid, 1996: fig. 29). C, Peripatopsidae are nonmonophyletic (phylogeny simplified from Reid, 1996: fig. 28).
FIG. 26. — B in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 26. — B, Bootstrap tree of the matrix based on Duboys de Lavigerie et al. 2020. The numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values (higher than 50).
FIG. 23 in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 23. — Anteroventral (left) and posterodorsal (right) views of Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., with a schematic indication of expanded ('inflated') regions (compared to the neurocranium of Pelocetus, Uranocetus and Piscobalaena). Note the sub-triangular ventral squamosal fossa (1), with a strong ventrally protruding wall (D) and the wide, rounded dorsal squamosal fossa (2). A, dense mediodorsal parietal; B, dense anterodorsal supraoccipital; C, layered anteromedioventral squamosal body; D, inflated ventral squamosal wall; E, inflated and laterally expanded anterior surface of the postglenoid process; F, inflated and laterally expanded posterolateral postglenoid process; G, inflated laterodorsal squamosal and posterolaterodorsal zygomatic process; H, inflated and mediolaterally expanded exoccipital. Scale bars: 10 cm.
FIG. 9. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 9. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Anteroventral view. a, anterior; m, medial. Scale bar: 10 cm.
FIG. 18. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 18. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Right periotic: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, posteromedial view; D, medial view. a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, lateral; m, medial; p, posterior; pl, posterolateral. Scale bar: 5 cm.
FIG. 22. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 22. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Periotic, lateral view (anterior to the right): additions in purple-grey; right purple-grey spot, reconstruction of the broken anterior process (maximum size possible); middle purple-grey spot, the addition of the fragment of the lateral side of the anterior process that is still attached to the squamosal; left purple-grey spot, addition of the fragment of the lateral tuberosity that is still attached to the squamosal.
FIG. 14. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 14. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Anterolateral view with all preserved sutures indicated (yellow lines). White arrows, narrow posteroventrolateral parietal foramen. d, dorsal; m, medial. Scale bar: 30 cm.
FIG. 11. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 11. — Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp., MAB 010293, holotype. Detailed views of the parietal and the anterior supraoccipital: A, anterodorsal view; B, anterior view; C, ventral view; D, posteromedial view. Dark blue lines, sutures; clear blue lines, sections; dotted magenta lines, zones; black hatched surface, broken surfaces of the parietal. a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, lateral; m, medial. Scale bars: 5 cm.
FIG. 27. — B in The discovery of a Balaenomorpha (Persufflatius renefraaijeni n. gen., n. sp.) from the upper Miocene of the Netherlands sheds new light on the cranial anatomy of archaic rorqual relatives
FIG. 27. — B, Bootstrap tree for the matrix based on Bisconti et al. 2020. The numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values (higher than 50).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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