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FIGURE 31 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 31. Morphology of male genitalia, indicating terminology adopted in the text. A. Philaethria romeroi, genitalia lateral view, sa, saccus; vi, vinculum; te, tegumen; gn, gnathos; un, uncus; va, valva. B. P. romeroi, genitalia dorsal view. C. P. ostara araguensis, genitalia lateral view. D. P. ostara araguensis, genitalia dorsal view. E. P. romeroi, right valva enlarged, showing a prominent cone-shaped arm with a characteristic arrangement of microspines. F. P. romeroi aedeagus removed, in lateral view. G. P. romeroi aedeagus, dorsal view. Scale line 1 mm.

FIGURE 42. A, B. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 42. A, B. P. dido dido, Rio Madre de Dios, Perú. C. P. dido dido, Mato Grosso Brazil. D. mating of P. diatonica. E–F. Larva of P. dido chocoensis, Colombia. G–H. Larva of P. pygmalion, Villavicencio, Colombia. I. egg of P. dido chocoensis. J. Pupa of P. dido dido, Villavicencio, Colombia. K. Pupa of P. andrei, Fr. Guiana. L. Larva of P. diatonica, ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica. M. Passiflora vitifolia, host plant of P. dido chocoensis, Rio Anchicayá, Colombia. Photos:Adrian Hoskins, H. Koloska, Gill Carter, B. Jimenez, Gregory Nielsen, Daniel Janzen, Christian Brevignon, Fredy Montero, Luis M. Constantino.

FIGURES 32–41 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 32–41. Male genitalia, with aedeagus removed in lateral view. 32. P. diatonica. 33. P. dido 34. P. constantinoi. 35. P. wernickei. 36. P. pygmalion. 37. P. neildi. 38. P. andrei. 39. P. o s t a r a. 40. P. browni. 41. P. romeroi. Scale line 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 1. Venation and wing pattern elements of Philaethria, indicating terminology adopted in the text.

FIGURES 2-11. 2. P. dido dido 3 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 2-11. 2. P. dido dido 3 Rio Amazonas, Colombia, 3. P. dido chocoensis 3 Rio Anchicayá, W. Colombia, 4. P. dido dido 3 Bajo Rio Caura, Bolivar, Venezuela, 5. P. dido panamensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Pácora, Chiriquí, Panama, 6. P. diatonica 3 ACG Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 7. P. diatonica Ƥ Metates, Oaxaca, Mexico, 8. P. constantinoi 3 Chocó, W. Colombia, 9. P. constantinoi Ƥ Chocó, W. Colombia, 10. P. wernickei 3 Sao Paulo, Brazil, 11. P. pygmalion pygmalion 3 Araracuara, Amazonas, Colombia.

FIGURES 22-29. 22. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 22-29. 22. P. ostara araguensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Choroni, Aragua, Venezuela, 23. P. ostara meridensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. El Cacao, Barinas, Venezuela, 24. P. ostara ostara Chinapintza, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. 25. P. ostara ostara, Tingo Maria, Huanuco, Peru. 26. P. browni, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 27. P. browni, sp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 28. P. romeroi, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela. 29. P. romeroi, sp. nov., 3 Paratype. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela.

FIGURE 30 in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURE 30. Distribution of Philaethria species in the Neotropical region, showing collection localities.

FIGURES 12-21. 12. P in A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela

FIGURES 12-21. 12. P. pygmalion metaensis, ssp.nov., 3 Holotype. Rio Ariari, Meta, Colombia. 13. P. neildi neildi, sp. nov., 3 Holotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 14. P. neildi neildi, sp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Barinas, Venezuela. 15. P. neildi winhardi, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Sierra Nevada de Sta Marta, Colombia. 16. P. neildi tachiraensis, ssp. nov. Holotype. 3 N. Tamá, Tachira, Venezuela. 17. P. neildi tachiraensis, ssp. nov. Allotype. Ƥ San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela. 18. P. andrei andrei, holotype 3 Carapa, Macouria. Fr. Guiana. 19. P. andrei andrei, allotype Ƥ Carapa, Macouria, Fr. Guiana. 20. P. andrei orinocensis, ssp. nov., 3 Holotype. Delta Amacuro, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. 21. P. ostara araguensis, ssp. nov., Ƥ Allotype. Catica, Aragua, Venezuela.

FIGURE 9 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 9. Brachymeria subconica Bouček ♀. A, frontovertex in dorsal view. B, head in frontal view. C, lower face in frontal view. D, scutellum in dorsal view. E, fore wing. F, fore wing base. G, apex of metasoma in lateral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; bf, basal fold; stsw subtorular swelling.

FIGURE 10 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 10. Brachymeria sp. ♀ [= "Brassolis"]. A, head in anteroventral view. B, clypeus in frontal view. C, fore wing. D, fore wing base; E, metasoma in dorsal view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; bf, basal fold; stsw subtorular swelling.

FIGURE 8 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 8. Brachymeria subrugosa Blanchard ♀. A, head in frontal view. B, head in anterolateral view. C, lower face in frontal view. D, pedicel and base of flagellum. E, clava in apicolateral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; stsw subtorular swelling.

FIGURE 5 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 5. Brachymeria philornisae Delvare sp. nov. ♀. (A−I paratype TRMO#1, 10 paratype TRMO#10). A, head in dorsal view. B, mesosoma in dorsal view. C, sculpture of mesonotum. D, mesosoma in lateral view. E, propodeum in posterolateral view. F, hind leg. G, sculpture of metafemur. H, hind telotarsus. I, metasoma in dorsal view. J, apex of metasoma in lateral view. Abbreviation: fsa, falcate seta.

FIGURE 7 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 7. Brachymeria costalimai Delvare nom. nov. ♀. A, head in lateral view. B, lower face in anterolateral view. C, clava in lateral view. D, meso- and metapleuron in lateral view. E, mesepisternum in ventral view. F, mesepisternum in posteroventral view. G, metepisternum in ventral view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; epcm, epicnemium; fcx3, metacoxa foramen; mtst, metepisternum; mvpt, medioventral projection of prepectus; scxs supracoxal stripe; stsw subtorular swelling.

FIGURE 6 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 6. Brachymeria philornisae Delvare sp. nov. ♀. (A−C holotype TRMO#2, D-F paratype TRMO#3, H−K paratype TRMO#10). A, gena in lateral view. B, lower face in frontal view. C, clypeus in anterolateral view. D, antenna. E, pedicel and base of flagellum. F, clava in lateral view. G, clava in apicolateral view. H, metepimeron. I, mesepisternum in ventral view. J, metepisternum in ventral view. K, mid leg in anterior view. Abbreviations: atrc, adtorular carina; epcm, epicnemium; fcx3, metacoxal foramen; fpt, petiolar foramen; mtst, metepisternum; mvpt, medioventral projection of prepectus; scxs supracoxal stripe; stsw subtorular swelling.

FIGURE 3 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 3. Setae on basal fold of fore wing. A. Boxplots for the five Brachymeria species. B. Scatterplot of the number of setae along fore wing size.

FIGURE 1 in Description of Brachymeria philornisae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), a parasitoid of the bird parasite Philornis trinitensis (Diptera: Muscidae) in Tobago, with a review of the sibling species

FIGURE 1. Results of the MRA analysis. Scatterplots of the 1st (A) and 2nd (B) principal components in isospace.

FIG. 5 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.

FIG. 5. Pontonema mediterranea sp. nov. (a) Lateral view of male head-end; (b) lateral view of male tail-end; (c) lateral view of female tail.

FIG. 2 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.

FIG. 2. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination for Pontonema males (upper) and females (lower) based on the complete character set. Dissimilarity measure for data is normalized Euclidean distance. Stress in both cases = 0.13. Sites K, C, T, S, G and B correspond to Kiel fjord, Cornelian Bay, Tyne Estuary, SeÁte, Garroch Head (Firth of Clyde) and Bay of Blanes, respectively.

FIG. 3 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.

FIG. 3. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordinations for Pontonema males based on character subsets. Dissimilarity measure for data is normalized Euclidean distance. Sites K, C, T, S, G and B correspond to Kiel fjord, Cornelian Bay, Tyne Estuary, SeÁte, Garroch Head (Firth of Clyde) and Bay of Blanes, respectively. (a) Ordination of character 15, stress= 0.17; (b) ordination of characters 7 and 15, stress = 0.02; (c) ordination of characters 3, 7 and 15, stress = 0.07; (d) ordination of characters 1, 7, 12 and 15, stress= 0.10.

FIG. 1 in Sibling species in the marine pollution indicator genus Pontonema (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae), with a description of mediterranea sp. nov.

FIG. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the characters quanti®ed. Based on P. alaeospicula as drawn by Bett and Moore (1988). The broken lines indicate the character measurements, and the numbers correspond to the character names as given in table 1. (a) Anterior oesophageal region, to extent of nerve ring. (b) Anterior region. Second subventral tooth is obscured by ®rst. The obvious characters of body length, maximum body diameter and length from vulva to anterior are not represented. (c) Posterior end male. (d) Posterior end female.