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151 results for “skull morphology”
Figure 7 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 7. Left manus (at left) in articulated position and left metacarpals I to V disarticulated (at right) of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R) in dorsal view (ungual phalanges, 1-I and 3-III, in medial view). Abbreviation: dc3, distal carpal 3. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 2 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 2. Holotype skull of S. maxhechti (DGM 1477-R) in dorsal (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), occipital (D), and frontal (E) views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; co, occipital condyle; ect, ectopterygoid; esq, squamosal; exo, exoccipital; f pr, perinarial fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen; fr, frontal; fti, inferior temporal fenestra; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ls, laterosphenoid; m, maxilla; me, external auditory meatus; n, nasal; ne, external nares; or, orbit; pa, parietal; paa, anterior palpebral; pap, posterior palpebral; pcq, cranium-quadrate passage; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pp, paraoccipital process; pr nar, prenarial process of the premaxilla; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital. Scale bar = 15 cm.
Figure 5 in Baurusuchid crocodyliforms as theropod mimics: clues from the skull and appendicular morphology of Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Upper Cretaceous of Brazil)
Figure 5. Strict consensus of six equally optimal trees generated by PAUP (Swofford, 1998). Length = 1028 steps, consistency index, excluding autapomorphies = 0.360; retention index = 0.666. Numbers above internal branches indicate jackknife (if alone) or bootstrap/jackknife support. Numbers below internal branches indicate Bremer support.
Figure 25 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 25. Ordinary least-square (OLS) regressions between standardized contrasts in the ratios of maximum prey weight (MPW)/cat average weight and the positivized standardized contrasts in bite force. Plots indicate the nodes and lineages of the phylogeny. Nodes connecting different cat lineages are indicated by the age of cladogenesis (Myr), according the cladogram of Johnson et al. (2006) presented in Figure 1.
Figure 18 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 18. Morphofunctional relationships between the members of the leopard cat lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Prionailurus viverrinus, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate bite force and neck robustness (abscissa), and jaw muscle optimization (ordinate). Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 11 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 11. Morphological relationships between the members of the bay cat lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Catopuma temminckii, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 2. Diagram showing the 20 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 2. Diagram showing the 20 skull measurements used in the analysis (see Appendix 1 for definitions).
Figure 1 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 1. Cladogram of the family Felidae, after Johnson et al. 's (2006) phylogeny, adjusted to the number of species analysed. Values on the branches indicate the divergence time between nodes; node numbers are parenthetic.
Figure 7 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 7. Morphological relationships between the members of the Ocelot lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according the skull of Leopardus pardalis, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 4 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 4. Morphological relationships between the members of the Panthera lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Panthera leo, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 3 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 3. Distribution of the 34 cat species, according to their scores from the morphological principal component analysis (PCA). Plots represent species' centroids based on bivariate means of the scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 6 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 6. Morphological relationships between the members of the Lynx lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according the skull of Lynx lynx, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 14 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 14. Morphofunctional relationships between the members of the Puma lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Puma concolor, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate bite force and neck robustness (abscissa), and jaw muscle optimization (ordinate). Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 13 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 13. Morphofunctional relationships between the members of the Panthera lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Panthera leo, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate bite force and neck robustness (abscissa), and jaw muscle optimization (ordinate). Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 16 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 16. Morphofunctional relationships between the members of the Ocelot lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Leopardus pardalis, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate bite force and neck robustness (abscissa), and jaw muscle optimization (ordinate). Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 20 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 20. Morphofunctional relationships between the members of the bay cat lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Catopuma temminckii, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate bite force and neck robustness (abscissa), and jaw muscle optimization (ordinate). Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 10 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 10. Morphological relationships between the members of the Caracal lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Profelis aurata, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Figure 9 in Skull morphology and functionality of extant Felidae (Mammalia: Carnivora): a phylogenetic and evolutionary perspective
Figure 9. Morphological relationships between the members of the leopard cat lineage. Species' images are digitally adjusted and scaled according to the skull of Prionailurus viverrinus, and are positioned over the centroids of their principal component analysis (PCA) scores. Arrows indicate the enlargement of the skull measurements related to each axis. Acronyms are defined in the text.
Data from: Can body mass and skull morphology predict seed and fruit ingestion potential for mammal species? A test using extant species and its application to extinct species
<p>Larger animals are assumed to ingest larger seeds and consume larger fruits, but empirical studies reveal inconsistent trends between body mass and the average size of fruits and seeds ingested. Further, no studies have explored seed size relationships with morphological traits, such as skull dimensions. Such characteristics might provide more reliable estimates of ingestion ability and allow for accurate predictions of seed dispersal capacity in species for which we lack empirical data, especially extinct species. To determine whether (i) mammalian skull dimensions are better predictors of the maximum size of ingested seeds and fruits, compared to body mass and (ii) body mass are the better predictors of mean fruit and seed sizes, we studied these relationships across three mammalian orders: Chiroptera, Primates, and Carnivora.</p> <p>We collected novel data on skull dimensions and collated available data on body mass and maximum and mean sizes of ingested fruits and seeds for mammals (N=100) across the Neotropics, Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. We explored the relationships between anatomical traits and fruit and seed sizes of extant species and made predictions for five extinct species.</p> <p>Our results revealed that body mass and skull dimensions are essential determinants of ingested fruit and seed size in mammals. The latter traits can generate predictions for extinct species, especially coronoid height and maximum jaw gape. Nevertheless, body mass predicted larger ingested fruits and seeds than skull dimensions and explained a greater part of the variance for both maximum and mean sizes in our dataset.</p> <p>Our results show how body mass and cranial anatomy constrain seed size and reinforce the importance of maintaining functional diversity in seed dispersers to maintain tropical forest structure. We also show that scientists can use morphological characteristics to predict the seed dispersal potential of extinct mammals allowing better inferences on past and future consequences of frugivore extinctions within tropical forests.</p>
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D, mandible. HCB, height of cranium at bullae; IOC, interorbital constriction; IFL, length of incisive foramen; IPL, interparietal length; IPW, interparietal width; MAL, upper molar alveolus; MAN, length of mandible; MAW, mastoid width; NAL, nasal length; ONL, occipital-nasal length; PAL, shelf of bony palate; ZYB, zygomatic breadth. Details of each measurement are provided in the text.
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