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Figure 3 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)

Figure 3. Percentage of pollen grains found in samples collected from females and males of Monoeca haemorrhoidalis.

Figure 2 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)

Figure 2. (A) Female Monoeca haemorrhoidalis building a tumulus around the nest entrance; (B) female entering its nest with a mixture of pollen and oil on its scopae; (C) a "nesting female" inside its nest and an "invader female" in the surroundings; (D) an "invader female" entering the nest after the "nesting female" left; (E) a female with exuvial remains entering a nest when the "nesting female" was away; (F) males trying to copulate with a newly emerged female; (G) a cluster of males trying to copulate with a female; (H) M. haemorrhoidalis copulation; (I) a copulation attempt between a M. haemorrhoidalis male and a Protosiris gigas male; (J) a female M. haemorrhoidalis on flowers of Niedenzuella acutifolia; (K) a female with a pollinarium of Grandiphyllum divaricatum on its front; (L) a male M. haemorrhoidalis on flowers of Coccocypselum condalia.

Figure 4 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)

Figure 4. (A) Female Heterostylum maculipennis hovering over a nest of M. haemorrhoidalis; (B) an individual of Tetraolytta gerardi eating pollen on flowers of Niedenzuella acutifolia; (C) an individual of Pyrogaster moestus preying on a male Monoeca haemorrhoidalis; (D) a female Pseudomethoca melanocephala excavating a closed nest of M. haemorrhoidalis; (E) Protosiris gigas copulation; (F) a female P. gigas leaving a nest after parasitizing it; (G) a female P. gigas removing earth pellets from a nest entrance; (H) a specimen P. gigas visiting flowers of Coccocypselum condalia; (I) a female P. gigas perching on leaves of Coccocypselum condalia.

Figure 1 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)

Figure 1. Monthly variation in relative air humidity, annual rainfall and temperature, measured from March 2005 to February 2007 in the Meteorological Station of Pinhais, southern Brazil.

opennotspecifiedApr 2021View details →

FIGURE 2. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. flowering culm, b. flowering branch, c. inflorescence, d. pollen collector solitary bee, e. spikelet, f. lower glume, g. upper glume, h. upper lemma, i. lower lemma, j. upper palea, k. lower palea, l. apiculate stamens, m. staminal tube, n in Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species of woody bamboo from the northern Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 2. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii. a. flowering culm, b. flowering branch, c. inflorescence, d. pollen collector solitary bee, e. spikelet, f. lower glume, g. upper glume, h. upper lemma, i. lower lemma, j. upper palea, k. lower palea, l. apiculate stamens, m. staminal tube, n. gynoecium with hairy style and purple stigma.

Figure 10 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 10. Locations where the studies were performed in Argentina (present study) and Chile. Geographical coordinates are given in Table 1.

Figure 8 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 8. Profile of a typical nest of the studied species. (a) Co. bruchiana; (b) Co. nahuelita; (c) H. reticulatus (Table S12: nest 3); (d) Ca. aureoviridis; (e) Co. ampliata; (f) H. amplilobus (Table S10: nest 3). Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 4. Corynura bruchiana, nesting bank in Lake Paimún, Neuquén. (a) Vertical bank with nests; (b) entrances of the nests; (c) exposed, old, earthen block with cells. Half of the block is missing, resulting in the transversal cut of two cells, and the longitudinal cut of another one; (d) earthen block in a chamber, with some cornstarch that was blown in to follow the tunnel; (e) ovoid block, with cells irregularly orientated. The longitudinal axis of the broken cell is approximately 100 degrees from those of the open cells; (f) cell containing a dead larva. Scale bars: b = 5 cm; c, d = 1 cm; e, f = 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 1. Some of the species studied. (a) Ca. aureoviridis; (b) Co. bruchiana; (c) Co. ampliata removing soil from the nest to the exterior.

Figure 3 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 3. Nesting site of Co. ampliata and H. reticulatus near Lake Lácar. (a) Habitat; (b) nest entrances with the characteristic tumulus of soil (in this case, Co. ampliata).

Figure 6 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 6. Halictillus amplilobus, nesting site in Sierra de Los Difuntos, Buenos Aires. (a) Habitat; (b) cell cluster at the end of a burrow; (c) bank where the nests were found; (d) entrances of the nests; (e) cluster with open and close cells. Scale bars: b, d = 1 cm, e = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 5. Corynura nahuelita, nesting area in Puerto Arrayán, Neuquén. (a) Slope; (b) cell with faeces and a male pupa; (c) cluster with some open cells, and some broken cells; (d) entrance to a nest, gradually widened; (e) comb-like cluster. Scale bars: b, d, e = 5 mm; c = 1 cm.

Figure 2 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 2. Callistochlora aureoviridis, nesting site in the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Trevelin (Chubut, Argentina). (a) habitat; (b) nest entrances; (c) cluster; (d) cluster at the end of a nest, a pupa can be seen from a broken cell; (e) immature stages, from left to right: small, medium, large and postdefecating larva; (f) different degrees of sclerotisation on male pupae. Scale bars: b, c = 2 cm; e, f = 2 mm.

Figure 9 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the life cycle of the studied species, modified from Schwarz et al. (2007). Black arrows indicate brood oviposition, grey arrows indicate females that overwinter. Species studied in Central Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Central Chile (Santiago Metropolitan Area) produced two (or more) broods, while those studied at southern latitudes, in Patagonia, produced only one brood. See references in Table 4. Active period of females and male appearance in the field can be found in Table S14.

Figure 7 in Solitary and semisocial behaviour in the Corynura group: new findings in a clade sister to all other Augochlorini bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Figure 7. Halictillus reticulatus nesting site in Challhuaco Valley. (a) Habitat; (b) male on Chrysanthemum sp.; (c) seven males feeding on Chrysanthemum sp., near the nesting site.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment

Pesticide exposure is considered a major driver of pollinator decline and the use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been restricted by regulatory authorities due to their risks for pollinators. Impacts of new alternative sulfoximine-based compounds on solitary bees and their potential interactive effects with other commonly applied pesticides in agriculture remain unclear. Here, we conducted a highly replicated full-factorial semi-field experiment with the solitary bee Osmia bicornis, an important pollinator of crops and wild plants in Europe, and Phacelia tanacetifolia as a model crop. We show that spray applications of the insecticide sulfoxaflor (product Closer) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (product Amistar), both alone and combined, had no significant negative impacts on adult female survival or the production, mortality, sex ratio and body size of offspring when sulfoxaflor was applied five days before crop flowering. Our results indicate that for O. bicornis (1) the risk of adverse impacts of sulfoxaflor (Closer) on fitness is small when applied at least five days before crop flowering and (2) that azoxystrobin (Amistar) has a low potential of exacerbating sulfoxaflor effects under field-realistic conditions.

publicJun 2020View details →

Data from: Females of a solitary bee reject males to collect food for offspring

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publicSep 2010View details →

Data from: Landscape effects on extremely fragmented populations of a rare solitary bee, Colletes floralis

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publicJan 2023View details →

Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment

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