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Fig. 6 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 6. Fresh specimen of the holotype of Otolithes arabicus sp. nov. The scale bar represents 5 cm, and each block represents 1 cm.

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Fig. 3 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 3. Asymptotic analysis of the diversity (Hill numbers, q = 0, 1 and 2) of phyllostomid bats in neotropical temperate forests (MCF: montane cloud forest, POF: pine-oak forest) and agricultural areas (AGR) in southern Mexico. Shadded areas are confidence intervals at 0.95%.

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Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. (a) Illustration of 17 landmarks on the Otolithes sp. 1: tip of snout, 2: termination of maxilla, 3: ventral margin of interopercle, 4: anterior margin of eye orbit, 5: posterior margin of eye orbit, 6: dorsal termination of cranium, 7: origin of lateral line, 8: origin of pectoral fin, 9: origin of pelvic fin, 10: anterior insertion of spinous dorsal fin, 11: origin of soft dorsal fin, 12: origin of anal fin; 13: termination of anal fin, 14: termination of second dorsal fin, 15: insertion of dorsal-most caudal fin ray, 16: termination of lateral line, and 17: insertion of ventral-most caudal fin ray. Procrustes superimposition showing the pair-wise differences in shapes between (b) Western Arabian Gulf group (WA) vs. West Indian Ocean II group, and (c) West Indian Ocean II group type A vs. B. Arrows indicate the difference vector, which is amplified four times for clarity.

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Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. Floors of orbit of male Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a–d), A. bengali (Crane, 1975) (e, f) and A. triangularis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) (g, h). (a, b) CW 18.6 mm (ZRC 2018.1375; right-handed; Tamil Nadu, India); (c, d) CW 14.5 mm (ZRC 2017.0917; left-handed; West Bengal, India); (e, f) CW 14.5 mm (NCHUZOOL 14345; right-handed; Selangor, Malaysia); (g, h) CW 14.8 mm (NCHUZOOL 13574; left-handed; Cebu, Philippines). Scale bars = 5.0 mm.

Fig. 5 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 5. Canonical Correspondence Analysis of the most common amphibians. The arrow orientation and length represent the association, direction, and strength between the environmental variables and the ordination axis. Species names correspond to: Crm (C. matudai), Plm (Pl. matudai), Pls (Pl. sagorum), Pte (Pt. euthysanota), Bof (B. franklini), Boo (B. occidentalis), and Dex (D. xolocalcae) Environmental acronyms correspond to: Hum (Humidity), Understory_Den (Under story density), Le_Li_depth (leaf litter depth), and Temp (temperature).

Fig. 4 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 4. (a) Principal Component Analysis, grouping the eight sites present in the core zones according to eight environmental variables taken in each site. Blue triangles: TCZ (El Triunfo core zone) sites; pink circles: QCZ (El Quetzal core zone) site. (b) Eight environmental variables measured in the eight sites (four per core zone). Median (solid line), 25th and 75th percentiles (boundaries of boxes), minimum and maximum (lines).

Fig. 1 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 1. Location of the two sampled zones, El Triunfo core zone [TCZ] (1) and the El Quetzal core zone [QCZ] (3), in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve (ETBR), Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico, and illustration of the sample design (core zones, sites, and plots).

Fig. 3 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 3. (a) Rank-abundance Curves for the El Triunfo core zone [TCZ] and Quetzal core zone [QCZ] in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve. Letters on the Rank-abundance Curves correspond to Crm (C. matudai), Crs (C. stuarti), Pll (Pl. lacertosa), Plh (Pl. hartwegii), Plm (Pl. matudai), Pls (Pl. sagorum), Dus (D. schmidtorum), Pte (Pt. euthysanota), Exs (E. sumichrasti), Lim (L. maculatus), Bof (B. franklini), Boo (B. occidentalis), Bofl (B. flavimembris), and Dex (D. xolocalcae). (b) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the eight sites within the core zones in the ETBR. Blue triangles: TCZ sites, pink circles: QCZ sites. (c) Dendrogram of functional groups of the El Triunfo core zone amphibian species, using Euclidian Distance, and tested functional groups by ANOSIM are highlighted in different colors (FG1: green; FG2: brown; FG3: blue; FG4: red, and FG5: yellow).

Fig. 2 in Environmental heterogeneity causes differences in the amphibian assemblage structure of an undisturbed montane cloud forest in southern Mexico

Fig. 2. Box plots of amphibian species diversity in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve (ETBR), Chiapas, Mexico, showing the median (solid line), 25th and 75th percentiles (boundaries of boxes), and minimum and maximum (lines). (a) Number of individuals, (b) Species richness (0D), (c) Common species (1D), and (d) Dominant species (2D).

Fig. 4 in New and previously known ectoparasitic monogenoids (Platyhelminthes) on native and non-native fishes from tributaries of the Usumacinta River basin (southern Mexico), a Neotropical transition zone

Fig. 4. Copulatory complexes of Ligictaluridus mirabilis (Mueller 1937; Klassen and Beverley-Burton (1985) on Southern blue catfish Ictalurus meridionalis (Ictaluridae) from the Usumacinta river basin (southern Mexico). A – copulatory complex in ventral view; B – copulatory complex in dorsal view. Abbreviations: mco – male copulatory organ; ap – accessory piece.

Fig. 1. Icelanonchohaptor tropicalis n in New and previously known ectoparasitic monogenoids (Platyhelminthes) on native and non-native fishes from tributaries of the Usumacinta River basin (southern Mexico), a Neotropical transition zone

Fig. 1. Icelanonchohaptor tropicalis n. sp. on the Usumacinta buffalo Ictiobus meridionalis (Catostomidae) from the Usumacinta river basin (southern Mexico). A – whole mount (composite, dorsal view); B – vagina; C – copulatory complex (ventral view); D – egg; E – Haptor; F – Hook. Abbreviations: mco – male copulatory organ; ap – accessory piece; sv – seminal vesicle.

Fig. 3 in New and previously known ectoparasitic monogenoids (Platyhelminthes) on native and non-native fishes from tributaries of the Usumacinta River basin (southern Mexico), a Neotropical transition zone

Fig. 3. Haptoral and copulatory complex sclerites of Heteropriapulus heterotylioides n. sp. on Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Loricariidae) from the Usumacinta river basin (southern Mexico). A, B, and C – copulatory complexes (A and C in dorsal view; B in ventral view); D – ventral anchor; E – hook; F, G and H – dorsal anchors; I and J – ventral bars; K and L – dorsal bars; M – vaginal tube.

Fig. 2. Heteropriapulus simplexioides n in New and previously known ectoparasitic monogenoids (Platyhelminthes) on native and non-native fishes from tributaries of the Usumacinta River basin (southern Mexico), a Neotropical transition zone

Fig. 2. Heteropriapulus simplexioides n. sp. on Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Loricariidae) from the Usumacinta river basin (southern Mexico). A – whole mount (composite, ventral view); B, C, and E – copulatory complexes; D – ventral anchor; F – dorsal anchor; G – hook; H – dorsal bar; I – ventral bar.

FIGURE 3 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 3. Geologic map of Tlaxiaco showing the position and shape Yosobé and La Lobera localities (modified from SGM 2000a, 2000b, 2009).

FIGURE 6 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 6. Planohybodus sp. from Yosobé; 1, isolated and fragmented tooth, specimen IGM 9316. 2-5, fragment of a dorsal spine in anterior (2), lateral (3), posterior (4), and cross-section (5) views, specimen IGM 9317. Arrow indicates the anterior edge of the predorsal spine.

FIGURE 10 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 10. Vertebrates of marine reptiles from Yosobé. 1-3, Specimen IGM 9324, undetermined thalattosuchian crocodyliform in anterior (1), dorsal (2), and lateral (3) views. 4-6, Specimen IGM 9325, undetermined ophtalmosaurid ichthyosaur in anterior (4), dorsal (5), and ventral (6) views. In both specimens the arrows show the anterior direction. Abbreviations: dp, diapophysial process; fna, facet for the neural arch; ias, intervertebral articular surfaces; ncf, neural canal floor; ncs, neurocentral suture; nf, nutritive foramen; ns, neural spine; pz, posterior zygapophysis.

FIGURE 2 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 2. Map of the Tlaxiaco Basin and distribution of the vertebrate fossil localities and areas reported before the present manuscript. 1, Cerro de la Virgen; 2, Petlalcingo area; 3, Wieland´s area; 4, Amoltepec area; 5, Papalutla; 6; La Lobera; 7, Yosobé (6 and 7 are new localities reported in the present paper).

FIGURE 5 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 5. Yosobé locality. 1, general view of this locality showing the limestone layers (arrows) and fossil-bearing shale strata (between the arrows), and part of the village of Tlaxiaco in background. 2, bituminous and fossiliferous shale layers at Yosobé with some nodules in situ (arrows).

FIGURE 9 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 9. Trunk remains of a Pleuropholidae fish, specimen IGM 9323 from Yosobé. Abbreviations: fsc, body-flak scales; rsc, rhomboidal scales.

FIGURE 4 in Late Jurassic marine vertebrates from Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico

FIGURE 4. Geologic map and lithostratigraphical column of Yosobé. M, Marl stratum; L1-L8, limestone strata; the intermediate strata (L1-L2, L2-L3, ... L7-L8) are the bituminous shales layers that carry the vertebrate assemblage of Yosobé.