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Walker et al - Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies - Data Set
<p>This file provides the data set supporting the analyses presented in a Walker et al manuscript titled "Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies" at first submission for review.</p>
TABLE 1 in Nesting evidence, density and vocalisations in a resident population of Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in Guatemala
<p>TABLE 1 Mean (± SD) and range of signal characteristics of songs of breeding Savannah Sparrows <i>Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei</i> in PRM Todos Santos Cuchumatán, dpto. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, in June 2016, <i>n</i> = 37 songs of four males.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Song section (see Fig. 5)</b></th><th><b>Duration (seconds)</b></th><th><b>Peak frequency (kHz)</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Entire song (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>2.5 ± 0.3 (2.1–3.1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Introduction:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Chip</i> note (<i>n</i> = 97)</th><td>0.06 ± 0.01 (0.04–0.12)</td><td>7.906 ± 202 (6.938 –8.250)</td></tr><tr><th>Middle section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Descending whistle (DW1) (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.10 ± 0.01 (0.08–0.11)</td><td>6.927 ± 132 (6.750 –7.125)</td></tr><tr><th>Trill (n = 37)</th><td>0.05 ± 0.01 (0.03–0.06)</td><td>6.471 ± 1.268 (4.125 –7.500)</td></tr><tr><th>Double <i>ch</i> note (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.08 ± 0.004 (0.07–0.10)</td><td>5.063 ± 378 (3.188 –5.625)</td></tr><tr><th>Dominant section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Buzz (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.60 ± 0.06 (0.5–0.8)</td><td>6.456 ± 646 (4.688 –6.938)</td></tr><tr><th>Terminal section:</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Descending whistle (DW2) (<i>n</i> = 37)</th><td>0.08 ± 0.005 (0.07–0.09)</td><td>7.566 ± 222 (7.313 –8.063)</td></tr><tr><th>Trill-whistle (n = 37)</th><td>0.29 ± 0.07 (0.16 – 0.39)</td><td>4.074 ± 355 (3.375 –4.313)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Allele‐specific cis‐regulatory methylation of the gene for vasoactive intestinal peptide in white‐throated sparrows
<p>White-throated sparrows (<em>Zonotrichia albicollis</em>) offer a unique opportunity to connect genotype with behavioral phenotype. In this species, a rearrangement of the second chromosome is linked with territorial aggression; birds with a copy of this "supergene" rearrangement are more aggressive than those without it. The supergene has captured the gene <em>VIP</em>, which encodes vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuromodulator that causes aggression in other songbirds. In white-throated sparrows, <em>VIP</em> expression is higher in the anterior hypothalamus of birds with the supergene than those without it, and expression of <em>VIP</em> in this region predicts the level of territorial aggression regardless of genotype. Here, we aimed to identify epigenetic mechanisms that could contribute to differential expression of <em>VIP</em> both in breeding adults, which exhibit morph differences in territorial aggression, and in nestlings, before territorial behavior develops. We extracted and bisulfite-converted DNA from samples of the hypothalamus in wild-caught adults and nestlings and used high-throughput sequencing to measure DNA methylation of a region upstream of the <em>VIP</em> start site. We found that the allele inside the supergene was less methylated than the alternative allele in both adults and nestlings. The differential methylation was attributed primarily to CpG sites that were shared between the alleles, not to polymorphic sites, which suggests that epigenetic regulation is occurring independently of the genetic differentiation within the supergene. This work represents an initial step toward understanding how epigenetic differentiation inside chromosomal inversions leads to the development of alternative behavioral phenotypes.</p>
Data from: Infection by a helminth parasite is associated with changes in DNA methylation in the house sparrow
<p>Parasites can exert strong selective pressures on their hosts and influence the evolution of host immunity. While several studies have examined the genetic basis for parasite resistance, the role of epigenetics in the immune response to parasites is less understood. Yet, epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, may allow species to respond rapidly to parasite prevalence or virulence. To test the role of DNA methylation in relation to parasite infection we examined genome-wide DNA methylation before and during infection by a parasitic nematode, <em>Syngamus trachea</em>, in a natural population of house sparrows (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). We found that DNA methylation levels were slightly lower in infected house sparrows, and identified candidate genes relating to the initial immune response, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, and mucus membrane functional integrity that were differentially methylated between infected and control birds. Subsequently, we used methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analyses to verify the relationship between methylation proportion and <em>Syngamus trachea </em>infection status at two candidate genes in a larger sample dataset. We found that methylation level at <em>NR1D1</em>, but not <em>CLDN22</em>, remained related to infection status, and that juvenile recruitment probability was positively related to methylation level at <em>NR1D1</em>. This underscores the importance of performing follow up studies on candidate genes. Our findings demonstrate that plasticity in the immune response to parasites can be epigenetically mediated, and <span>highlight</span><span> </span><span>the potential for epigenetic studies </span><span>in natural populations </span><span>to provide </span><span>further</span><span> mechanistic </span><span>insight</span><span> </span><span>into</span><span> host-parasite interactions.</span></p>
Behavioral responses to a series of similar but distinct novel objects in house sparrows
<p>Generalization refers to the process by which animals assign different stimuli into cognitive categories based on their similarity/dissimilarity to previously experienced stimuli. Stimuli which strongly deviate from previous experience may be avoided due to their novelty (i.e., neophobia), while stimuli which are sufficiently similar to a known/recognized cue may elicit the same response as that cue (i.e., generalization). While generalization has been widely researched, few studies have examined among-individual variance in its expression. Our study quantified among-individual variation in neophobia and generalization in house sparrows (<em>Passer domesticus</em>) by placing a series of different objects next to each subject's food source on successive days and measuring the subject's latency to approach the food source in the presence vs. absence of each object. Similarly to previous work, we found that house sparrows are neophobic on average and exhibit significant among-individual variance in neophobia. More interestingly, we found that the neophobic response declined across presentations of different novel objects. This implies that the sparrows generalized some aspect(s) of the objects. We also found significant among-individual variance in the rate at which approach latency changed across this series, possibly reflecting individual differences in propensity to generalize. These results raise new questions about how neophobia, habituation, and generalization are linked and about the potential for selection to act on these traits under different ecological conditions.</p>
Neuronal activation in the geomagnetic responsive region Cluster N covaries with nocturnal migratory restlessness in white-throated sparrows
<p>Cluster N is a region of the visual forebrain of nocturnally migrating songbirds that supports the geomagnetic compass of nocturnal migrants. Cluster N expresses immediate-early genes (ZENK), indicating neuronal activation. This neuronal activity has only been recorded at night during the migratory season. Night-to-night variation in Cluster N activity in relation to migratory behaviour has not been previously examined. We tested whether Cluster N is activated only when birds are motivated to migrate and presumably engage their magnetic compass. We measured immediate-early gene activation in Cluster N of white-throated sparrows (<em>Zonotrichia</em> <em>albicollis</em>) in three conditions: daytime, nighttime migratory restless, and nighttime resting. Birds in the nighttime migratory restlessness group had significantly greater numbers of ZENK-labelled cells in Cluster N compared to both the daytime and the nighttime resting groups. Additionally, the degree of migratory restlessness was positively correlated with the number of ZENK-labelled cells in the nighttime migratory restless group. Our study adds to the number of species observed to have neural activation in Cluster N and demonstrates for the first time that immediate early gene activation in Cluster N is correlated with the amount of active migratory behaviour displayed across sampled individuals. We conclude that Cluster N is facultatively regulated by the motivation to migrate, together with nocturnal activity, rather than obligatorily active during the migration season.</p>
Henslow's Sparrow shows positive response to prescribed fire rotation data
<p>We examined Henslow's Sparrow (<em>Centronyx henslowii</em>) response to prescribed fire at 32 grasslands at Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Indiana from 1999–2009. We burned grasslands in the spring between 1999 and 2007 and monitored Henslow's Sparrows for up to 4 years after treatment. We used linear mixed models to analyze our data. Henslow's Sparrow counts were correlated with time since prescribed fire and grassland size. The estimated changes in mean Henslow's Sparrow density relative to pre-burn densities were -0.19, 1.15, 0.74, and -0.68 birds per hectare for 1 to 4 breeding seasons after a spring burn, respectively. We found that Henslow's Sparrows preferred larger grasslands both during the first breeding season after prescribed fire, when vegetation was presumed to possess less litter and structural density, and during the fourth breeding season after fire, when vegetation was presumed to be a more ideal composition, but preferred smaller grasslands in the interim. Thus, grassland size shapes the magnitude of Henslow's Sparrow population response to fire, with populations in smaller grasslands experiencing greater amplitude changes. Larger grasslands might provide more habitat diversity following prescribed fire, attenuating population change. On average, Henslow's Sparrows responded positively to prescribed fire in a network of grasslands and cumulative net change in densities were highest three breeding seasons after a burn, suggesting that maintaining this burn frequency would be beneficial to Henslow's Sparrow abundance.</p>
Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged day length in a New World Sparrow
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade-offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategies. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to </span><span>the </span><span>correlated influences </span><span>of</span><span> weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates, and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling </span><span>can be </span><span>fed each day, and increased </span><span>nestling provisioning</span><span> has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether </span><span>the amount of time in which </span><span>a bird is</span><span> fed during development</span><span> drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g., food availability, weather, predation pressure) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of </span><span>daily duration of nestling provisioning </span><span>on </span><span>dark-eyed junco (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>) nestlings. We hand-reared 65</span><span> chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies (<em>J. h. carolinensis) </em>under both their natural photoperiod and </span><span>the longer photoperiod </span><span>of a closely related migratory subspecies (<em>J. h. hyemalis</em>) and compared growth rate, mass, morphology, and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, </span><span>wing length</span><span>, and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand-reared under the </span><span>longer, </span><span>more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high-quality offspring. </span><span>T</span><span>his points to a trade-off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and</span><span> points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology. </span></p>
Data for: Surrounding landscape, habitat and hybridization dynamics drive population structure and genetic diversity in the Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta)
<p class="MsoNormal">Determining factors that shape a species' population genetic structure is beneficial for identifying effective conservation practices. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity for Saltmarsh Sparrow (<em>Ammospiza caudacuta</em>), an imperiled tidal marsh specialist, using 13 microsatellite markers and 964 individuals sampled from 24 marshes across the breeding range. We show that Saltmarsh Sparrow populations are structured regionally by isolation-by-distance, with gene flow occurring among marshes within ~110-135 km of one another. Isolation-by-resistance and isolation-by-environment also shape genetic variation; several habitat and landscape features are associated with genetic diversity and genetic divergence among populations. Human development in the surrounding landscape isolates breeding marshes, reducing genetic diversity and increasing population genetic divergence, while surrounding marshland and patch habitat quality (proportion high marsh and sea-level-rise trend) have the opposite effect. The distance of the breeding marsh to the Atlantic Ocean also influences genetic variation, with marshes farther inland being more divergent than coastal marshes. In northern marshes, hybridization with Nelson's Sparrow (<em>A. nelsoni</em>) strongly influences Saltmarsh Sparrow genetic variation, by increasing genetic diversity in the population; this has a concomitant effect of increasing genetic differentiation of marshes with high levels of introgression. From a conservation perspective, we found that the majority of population clusters have low effective population sizes, suggesting a lack of resiliency. To conserve the representative breadth of genetic and ecological diversity and to ensure redundancy of populations, it will be important to protect a diversity of marsh types across the latitudinal gradient of the species range, including multiple inland, coastal and urban populations, which we have shown to exhibit signals of genetic differentiation. It will also require maintaining connectivity at a regional level, by promoting high marsh habitat at the scale of gene flow (~130 km), while also ensuring "stepping stone" populations across the range. </p>
Climate change outpaces adaptive potential via hybridization in nesting female Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrows
<p class="MsoNormal">Hybridization and introgression can promote adaptive potential and evolutionary resilience in response to increased pressures of climate change; they can also disrupt local adaptation and lead to outbreeding depression. We investigated female fitness consequences of hybridization in two sister species that are endemic to a threatened tidal marsh ecosystem: Saltmarsh (<em>Ammospiza caudacutus)</em> and Nelson's Sparrows (<em>A. nelsoni</em>). We found increasing nest flooding rates due to rising sea levels are outpacing potential adaptive benefits of hybridization due to very low overall nesting success in both the Nelson's and Saltmarsh Sparrows. In the center of the hybrid zone across two years, we determined the success of 201 nests of 104 pure and admixed Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrow females, genotyped using a panel of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) Sequencing. We evaluated five metrics of female fitness and modeled nesting success in relation to genotypic, environmental, and nesting characteristics. We found differential fitness among Saltmarsh, Nelson's, and hybrid females, such that birds with predominantly Saltmarsh Sparrow alleles had higher reproductive success than birds with predominantly Nelson's Sparrow alleles, and hybrids were intermediate. Fledging success increased with two known tidal marsh nesting adaptations: nest height and nesting synchrony with tidal cycles. We found a positive relationship between hybrid index and fitness in daily nest survival in 2016, but not in 2017, likely due to differing levels of precipitation and nest flooding between years. The strongest and most consistent predictors of daily nest survival were nesting synchrony with lunar tidal flooding cycles and daily maximum tide height. Fitness patterns suggest there may be an adaptive benefit of interspecific geneflow for the Nelson's Sparrow at the detriment of the Saltmarsh Sparrow; however, flooding rates are so high in many years they mask any fitness differences between the species, and all females had poor nesting success, regardless of genetic makeup.</p>
Mojave Bell's Sparrow (Artemisiospiza bellii canescens) and Sagebrush Sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis) captures at western Arizona sites, February 2014
<p>Bell's Sparrows (<em>Artemisiospiza</em> <em>belli</em>)) have only recently been recognized as distinct from Sagebrush Sparrows (<em>A. nevadensis</em>), and the "Mojave" subspecies (<em>A. b. canescens</em>) shares an overlapping wintering distribution with Sagebrush Sparrow in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts of southeastern California and western Arizona. We lack understanding of the 2 species' respective wintering habitat preferences and the degree to which they interact or segregate on their wintering grounds due to the difficulty in separating them in the field and to their previous classification as one species. We captured and sampled 74 <em>Artemisiospiza</em> sparrows from 5 sites across western Arizona, supporting field identifications with genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA to confirm species and molecular sexing of sampled individuals. Bell's Sparrows and Sagebrush Sparrows segregated into different habitat types across our study area, with only one species detected at 4 of 5 study sites. Bell's Sparrows comprised 82 percent (n = 33) of Artemisiospiza sparrows captured at the 5th site at Robbins Butte. Broadly, Sagebrush Sparrows were found in more upland, well-drained locations that were sparsely vegetated with xerophytic scrub. Bell's Sparrows were found in more vegetated locations with halophytic Mojave seablite (<em>Suaeda nigra</em>) and saltbush (<em>Atriplex</em>) adjacent to mesquite and tamarisk woodlands. Bell's Sparrow sex ratios were significantly female-biased (binomial test: n = 56, observed k = 48 females, expected k = 28 females for assumed p = 0.5, Pr (k ≤ 8 or k ≥ 48) < 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.369 – 0.631 for assumed p = 0.5) at Fort Mohave and Robbins Butte, the 2 sites where Bell's Sparrows were found. Our observed sex-ratios and well-documented year-round presence of Bell's Sparrows on and near the breeding grounds suggest that Bell's Sparrow males and females employ different migration strategies, a phenomenon not previously documented for this taxon.</p>
Data from: Loss of flockmates weakens winter site fidelity in golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla)
<p>Animal social interactions have an intrinsic spatial basis—individuals must be close in space to interact, whether directly (e.g., co-occurrence, allo-grooming) or indirectly (e.g., interact with latrines or with parasites at communal nests). This presents a dilemma when determining causality: do individuals interact socially because they happen to share space, or do they share space because they are socially linked? We present a method that uses demographic turnover events as a natural experiment to investigate the links between social associations and space use in the context of inter-annual winter site fidelity in a migratory bird. We previously found that golden-crowned sparrows (<em>Zonotrichia atricapilla</em>) show consistent flocking relationships across years, and that familiarity between individuals influences the dynamics of social competition over resources. Using long-term data on winter social and spatial behavior across 10 years, we show that (i) sparrows exhibit inter-annual fidelity to winter home ranges on the scale of tens of meters and (ii) the precision of inter-annual spatial fidelity increases with age, but (iii) this fidelity is weakened when sparrows lose social partners from the previous year. Furthermore, the effect of social partner loss on spatial fidelity was higher for older birds, suggesting that social fidelity may play an increasingly important role on spatial behavior across the lifetime of this migratory bird. Our study provides evidence that social relationships can influence spatial fidelity, and shows the potential of long-term studies for disentangling the relationship between social and spatial behavior.</p>
Jack sparrow Pirate sword (3d printable)
A 3D printable pirate sword inspierd by Jack Sparrows sword from pirates of the carribean films. Downlod is a blender file that includes the model and the model seperated into parts for easy 3D printing. If you 3D print it I recommend using a metal rod inside the print for stability. The blade is low poly and the handle is subdivided for a smooth print but it can have some wierd topology but it still prints well! Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Cattle Trough Sparrows Herne
A London Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association cattle trough at the junction of Sparrows Herne and Elstree Road, Bushey, London. 121 photos taken in April 2021 with a Sony a6000 and processed in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Surgical Outcomes in Splenic Flexure Cancers: A Multicenter Comparison of Segmental vs. Extended Hemicolectomy (SPARROW Study)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07289568. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Feather nitrogen and carbon stable isotope (d15N and d13C) values for Golden-crowned Sparrows
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Total H3 acetylation in house sparrows
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Neuronal activation in the geomagnetic responsive region Cluster N covaries with nocturnal migratory restlessness in white-throated sparrows
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Data from: Anthelmintic drugs modulate the acute phase immune response but not the microbiota in wild Song Sparrows
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Seaside Sparrow nest location, fate, and nest predator distribution data
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