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Fig. 11 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 11. Phalangodus gyes sp. nov. a–b, d–e. Holotype, ♂ (MNRJ 8655). c. Paratype, ♀ (MNRJ 17907). a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Left pedipalp femur, ectal view. c. Left pedipalp, femur, ectal view. d–e. Right leg IV. d. Patella and tibia, dorsal view. e. Femur, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 9. Phalangodus cottus sp. nov. a–b, d–h. Holotype, ♂ (MNRJ 8654). c. Paratype, ♀ (MNRJ 17942). a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Left pedipalp trochanter and femur, ectal view. c. left pedipalpal femur, mesal view. d–e. Right femur II, proximal portion. d. Retrolateral view. e. Ventral view. f–h. Right leg IV. f. Femur, patella and tibia, prolateral view. g. Patella and tibia, dorsal view. h. Femur, dorsal view. Scale bars: a = 5 mm; b–h = 1 mm.

Fig. 8. — a–b in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 8. — a–b. Phalangodus cottus sp. nov., holotpye, ♂ (MNRJ 8654). a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Habitus, lateral view. —c–d. Phalangodus gyes sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MNRJ 8655). c. Habitus, dorsal view. d. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 6. Phalangodus briareos sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MNRJ 2382), penis distal portion. a. Ventral view. b. Lateral view. c. Dorsal view. d. Stylar caps, dorsal view. e. Stylus, lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 5. Phalangodus briareos sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MNRJ 2382). a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Left pedipalpal femur, ectal view. c. Right femur IV, dorsal view. d. Right patella and tibia IV, dorsal view. e–f. Right femur II, proximal portion. e. Retrolateral view. f. Ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 10. Phalangodus cottus sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (MNRJ 17942), penis distal portion. a. Lateral view. b. Dorsal view. c. Ventral view. d. Stylar caps, ventrodistal view. e. Distal portion of the ventral plate and stylus, dorsolateral view.

Fig. 4 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 4. Phalangodus briareos sp. nov., ♂, holotype (MNRJ 2382). a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Habitus, ventral view. c. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 3. Phalangodus anacosmetus Gervais, 1842 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 3. Phalangodus anacosmetus Gervais, 1842 (ICN-AO-1000), penis distal portion. a. Dorsal view. b. Lateral view. c. Ventral view. d. Detail of MS C, MS E and microsetae, lateral view. e. Stylar caps, ventrodistal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 2. Phalangodus anacosmetus Gervais, 1842 in Unveiling the diversity of Phalangodus Gervais, 1842 (Opiliones: Cranaidae): descriptions of four new species from Colombia

Fig. 2. Phalangodus anacosmetus Gervais, 1842 (syntypes of Allocranaus giganteus Mello-Leitão, 1940, MNRJ 00126). a–b. ♂, juvenile. a. Habitus, dorsal view. b. Habitus, lateral view. c–d. ♀. c. Habitus, dorsal view. d. Habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 5 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

dryad40/100

Chromosomal-level genome assembly of the scimitar‐horned oryx: insights into diversity and demography of a species extinct in the wild

Captive populations provide a valuable insurance against extinctions in the wild. However, they are also vulnerable to the negative impacts of inbreeding, selection and drift. Genetic information is therefore considered a critical aspect of conservation management. Recent developments in sequencing technologies have the potential to improve the outcomes of management programmes; however, the transfer of these approaches to applied conservation has been slow. The scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah) is a North African antelope that has been extinct in the wild since the early 1980s and is the focus of a large‐scale and long‐term reintroduction project. To enable the selection of suitable founder individuals, facilitate post‐release monitoring and improve captive breeding management, comprehensive genomic resources are required. Here, we used 10X Chromium sequencing together with Hi‐C contact mapping to develop a chromosomal‐level genome assembly for the species. The resulting assembly contained 29 chromosomes with a scaffold N50 of 100.4 Mb, and displayed strong chromosomal synteny with the cattle genome. Using resequencing data from six additional individuals, we demonstrated relatively high genetic diversity in the scimitar‐horned oryx compared to other mammals, despite it having experienced a strong founding event in captivity. Additionally, the level of diversity across populations varied according to management strategy. Finally, we uncovered a dynamic demographic history that coincided with periods of climate variation during the Pleistocene. Overall, our study provides a clear example of how genomic data can uncover valuable insights into captive populations and contributes important resources to guide future management decisions of an endangered species.

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Genetic diversity of a marine foundation species, Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae Laminariales), along the coast of Ireland

Worldwide, kelp populations are stressed by warming, increased storms and other man-driven disturbances. Marine population distributions are projected to retreat poleward with climate change if they cannot adapt to changing conditions, which would potentially lead to a regime shift in subtidal habitats. In Northern Europe, Laminaria hyperboreais a subtidal ecosystem engineer whose distribution has shifted over millennia, leaving predicted areas of high genetic diversity from the last glacial maximum (LGM) near its southern distribution limit in the Iberian Peninsula. In Ireland, L. hyperborea structures communities by supporting diverse faunal assemblages and producing large quantities of organic carbon throughout the year. We investigated the genetic diversity of eight populations ranging from the southern coast to the northwest of Ireland using nine microsatellite loci. Diversity was found to be highest in Lough Hyne, a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), near the predicted climate refugium. We found evidence of isolation by distance, with high connectivity between populations that were geographically close, likely driven by short range dispersal of L. hyperboreapropagules. Genetic diversity (measured as expected heterozygosity and allelic richness) was highest at Lough Hyne, and decreased northwards, as predicted from past range shifts. Expected heterozygosity was highest at Lough Hyne (0.706) and decreased northward, with the lowest value at Bridges of Ross (0.283). Based on these patterns, further fine-scale investigation into population diversity, dispersal and potential resilience in Irish kelp forests are necessary as warming and non-native species are observed more and more frequently.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

FIG. 5 in Diversity of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896 (Diptera: Keroplatidae, Lygistorrhininae) of Mitaraka (French Guiana), with descriptions of three new species

FIG. 5. — Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) cerqueirai Lane, 1958, holotype: A, habitus; B, wing; C, D, thorax; E, F, male genitalia; C, lateral view; D, E, dorsal view; F, ventral view. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B-D, 0.5 mm; E, F, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 6 in Diversity of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896 (Diptera: Keroplatidae, Lygistorrhininae) of Mitaraka (French Guiana), with descriptions of three new species

FIG. 6. — Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) urichi Edwards, 1912, syntype male: A, habitus; B, wing; C, head; D, thorax, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, 0.1 mm; D, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 4 in Diversity of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896 (Diptera: Keroplatidae, Lygistorrhininae) of Mitaraka (French Guiana), with descriptions of three new species

FIG. 4. — Aedeagal complex of new species of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896: A, B, Lygistorrhina maculipennis n. sp., holotype MNHN-ED-ED10672; C, D, Lygistorrhina conica n. sp., holotype MNHN-ED-ED10674; E, F, Lygistorrhina mitarakensis n. sp., holotype MNHN-ED-ED10691; A, C, E, dorsal view; B, D, F, ventral view. Scale bar: 20 µm.

FIG. 1 in Diversity of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896 (Diptera: Keroplatidae, Lygistorrhininae) of Mitaraka (French Guiana), with descriptions of three new species

FIG. 1. — Habitus of new species of Lygistorrhina (Probolaeus) Williston, 1896: A, Lygistorrhina maculipennis n. sp., with detached head in separate box; paratype MHNH-ED-ED10673; B, Lygistorrhina conica n. sp., paratype NMS-10003795; C, Lygistorrhina mitarakensis n. sp., paratype NMS-10003799. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Fig. 5 Lateral view of Electrophorus electricus. National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 225670, 520 mm TL. Corantijn River, Suriname

Fig. 4 in Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Fig. 4 Ecological Niche Model and electric organ discharges for species of Electrophorus. Species niche models generated by MaxEnt for Greater Amazonia: a Electrophorus electricus (red); b E. varii (yellow); and c E. voltai (blue). d Measurements of voltage of high-voltage EODs, low-voltage EODs waveforms from Sach's organ, and posterior one-third of Hunter's organ (grey lines = individually recorded fish, black lines = averaged waveform for each species). e Nearest-neighbor hierarchical clustering of prominent time-frequency features of the low-voltage Sach's organ EOD from seven individuals of Electrophorus

Fig. 3 in Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Fig. 3 Electrophorus tree of life and time of species diversification. Time-calibrated genealogy of Electrophorus based on a maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree derived from *BEAST2.4 analyses of 10 genes (colored lines) and 94 specimens of Electrophorus (relaxed molecular clock and uncorrelated lognormal model implemented). Purple bars represent 95% highest posterior density distributions for the estimated divergence time of each major node. Voltage measurements made by us are reported below E. electricus (National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 225670, 520 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname), E. voltai (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, MPEG 15529; holotype, 1290 mm TL), and E. varii (MPEG 25422; holotype, 1000 mm TL)

Fig. 1 in Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Fig. 1 Sampling localities and gene trees for the three species of Electrophorus. a Map of northern South America showing distributions of sampled records and type localities (indicated by numbers) for three electric eel species: Electrophorus electricus (red dots, 1 = Suriname River, Suriname); E. voltai (blue dots, 2 = Rio Ipitinga, Brazil); and E. varii (yellow dots, 3 = Rio Goiapi, Brazil). Bicolor dots (blue/yellow) indicate sympatric co-occurrence of E. voltai and E. varii. The map was created in ArcGIS (https://www.arcgis.com) with images available at Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data, and HydroSHEDS database. b *BEAST2.4 species tree (top cladogram; 94 specimens: 15 E. electricus, 41 E. voltai, 38 E. varii) based on 5 mitochondrial (trees 1–5; 107 specimens: 19 E. electricus, 43 E. voltai, 45 E. varii) and 5 nuclear genes (6–10; 94 specimens). Higher shading densities represent areas where the majority of trees agree in topology and branch lengths (posterior probabilities>0.99), while lower densities represent areas of uncertainty (Supplementary Data 1)

Fig. 2 in Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator

Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil