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FIGURE 5 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C–G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella-like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H–J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N–O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba)-like sponge, family Ancorinidae.

FIGURE 1 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 1. The paleogeographical map of Australia in the Late Eocene with the sampling sites included. P.R.—Princess Royal, N.—Norseman, D.R.—Doyle Road, H.R.—Hamersley River, B.P.—Blanche Point, PLC—Proto-Leeuwin Current, ACC—Antarctic Counter Current, light gray arrows—warm currents, dark gray arrows—cold currents; after McGowran & Alley (2008), modified.

FIGURE 9 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 9. Undetermined astrophorid triaenes; A–D, L, M—Protriaenes of order the Astrophorida; E, F, J, K, N—Orthotriaenes of the order Astrophorida; G–I—Prodichotriaenes of the order Astrophorida.

FIGURE 4 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 4. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A–E—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 1, family Geodiidae; F–I—Sterraster microscleres of Geodia sp. 2, family Geodiidae; J–P—Different types of pynakids of the hypothetical species Dactylocalycites callodiscus, family?Geodiidae; Q–T—Spicules of the family Geodiidae; U–W—Triaenes of Penares cf. sclerobesa, family Geodiidae (subfamily Erylinae); X—Triaenes of Penares sp., family Geodiidae.

FIGURE 14. A in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 14. A. Micraster of recent Tethya omanensis (redrawn from van Soest & Beglinger 2008); B—Oxyaster of recent Tethyastra oxyaster (redrawn from Burton 1934).

FIGURE 16 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 16. Spicules of sponges of the order Haplosclerida; A–F—Different types of strongyles of Petrosia sp., family Petrosiidae.

FIGURE 8 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 8. Acanthoxeas of recent Alectona species; A—Alectona millari (from Rützler 2002); B—Alectona wallichii (from Vacelet 1999).

FIGURE 7 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 7. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A–E—Anatriaenes of Dercitus (Stoeba)-like sponge, family Ancorinidae; F–I—Different types of triaenes of Stelletta sp., family Ancorinidae; J–N—Different types of acanthoxeas of Alectona millari, family Thoosidae; O—Sanidaster-ataxaster of Dercitus (Stoeba)-like sponge, family Ancorinidae.

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FIGURE 2. Oropetium almeidanum. A. Habit. B. Spiculated segment. C in Oropetium almeidanum (Poaceae: Chloridoideae): a new species from The Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India

FIGURE 2. Oropetium almeidanum. A. Habit. B. Spiculated segment. C. Upper glume (dorsal). D. Upper glume (lateral). E. Lemma. F. Palea. G. Anther. H. Caryopsis. (Based on paratype at BLAT). © The Blatter Herbarium (BLAT). (Photography by: Shahid Nawaz)

FIGURE 12 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 12. Morphological traits differentiating (A–D) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. from (E–H) V. franciscana. Amplified view of eye contrasting (A) lavender (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (E) black (MNRJ 81778, adult male) iris reticulations; ventral view of thighs showing (B) absence (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (F) presence (MNRJ 78704, adult male) of subcloacal warts (pointed by arrows); dorsal view of (C, G) hands and (D, H) feet showing melanophores distribution on fingers and toes. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 9 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 9. Left hind limbs of (A, C, D, E, F) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) and (B, G, H, I, J) V. uranoscopa (MCP 15442, adult male). (A, B) Dorsal view of the pes, with zoom in tarsal elements, (C) ventral and (G) dorsal views of the femur, (D, H) fibular, (E) medial and (I) lateral views of tibiofibular, and (F) ventral and (J) dorsal views of tibiale-fibulare. cpf = caput femoralis, dcd = distal condyle, fcr = femoral crest, fdc = fibular distal condyle, fib = fibula, fre = fibulare, mtp = metatarsal process, ntf = nutritional foramen, phx = prehallux, sim = sulcus intermedius, T = tarsal, tdc = tibial distal condyle, tib = tibia, tle = tibiale. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 6. Mineralized skull of (A–D) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) and (E– H) V. uranoscopa (MCP 15442, adult male) in (A, E) dorsal, (B, F) ventral, (C, G) frontal, and (D, H) lateral views. ang = angulosplenial, anr = anterior ramus of pterygoid, apa = alary process of parasphenoid, apm = anterior process of maxilla, apr = alary process of premaxilla, apv = anterior process of vomer, cpp = cultriform process of parasphenoid, den = dentaries, dpv = dentigerous process of vomer, epe = epiotic eminence, exo = exoccipital, fma = foramen magnum, fpa = frontoparietal, fpf = frontoparietal fontanelle, max = maxilla, mck = mentomeckelian, mer = medial ramus of pterygoid, nas = nasal, neo = neopalatine, occ = occipital condyle, ocf = oculomotor foramen, opf = optic foramen, otc = otic capsule, otr = otic ramus of squamosal, pdm = pars dentalis of maxilla, pdp = pars dentalis of premaxilla, pfm = pars facialis of maxilla, plp = posterolateral process of premaxilla, pmp = posteromedial process of premaxilla, pop = postchoanal process of vomer, por = posterior ramus of pterygoid, ppm = preorbital process of maxilla, ppn = paraorbital process of nasal, ppp = posterior process of parasphenoid, prf = prootic foramen, pro = prootic, prp = prechoanal process of vomer, pte = pterygoid, qtj = quadratojugal, sph = sphenethmoid, spm = septomaxilla, sqm = squamosal, stp = stapes, ver = ventral ramus of squamosal, vot = vomerine teeth, vom = vomer, zyr = zygomatic ramus of squamosal. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 4. Presence of spicules in (A, B, C, D, E) holotype (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (F, G) paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) of Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral view of tympanic area, (C) dorsal view of cloacal ornamentation, (D) dorsal view of arm, (E) dorsal view of flanks, (F) lateral and (G) dorsal view of tympanic area and flanks. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 11 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 11. Morphological traits differentiating (A–C, G–H) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. from (D–F, I–J) V. uranoscopa. Dorsal view of head showing (A) non-flared (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (D) flared (MNRJ 79412, adult male) upper lip; dorsolateral view of limbs showing (B, C) non-crenulated (MZUESC 21044, adult female) and (E, F) crenulated (MNRJ 79412, adult male) ulnar and tarsal folds; dorsal and frontal views of cloaca showing tubercular (G, H) fold (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (I, J) flesh flap (MNRJ 79418, adult male) in cloacal ornamentation. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 3 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 3. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of the head, and (C) dorsal view of the thumb showing the nuptial pad of Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. holotype (MZUESC 18530, adult male); ventral view of the (D) feet and (E) hand, and (F) viscera of V. assuh paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female). Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 5. Distribution of melanophores along the dorsum of (A–B) holotype (MZUESC 18530, adult male) and (C–D) paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) of Vitreorana assuh sp. nov., (E–F) V. uranoscopa (MNRJ 79412, adult male), and (G–H) V. eurygnatha (MNRJ 73129, adult male). Detail for the presence of (F) enameled iridophores in V. uranoscopa. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 8. Right forelimb of (A, C–E) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) and left forelimb of (B, F–H) V. uranoscopa (MCP 15442, adult male). (A, B) Dorsal view of the manus, with carpal elements augmented, (C) lateral and (F) medial views of the radioulna, and (D) medial, (G) lateral, and (E, H) ventral views of the humerus. C = carpal, cap = capitulum, cph = caput humeri, ecp = eminentia capitata, fcv = fossa cubitalis ventralis, ice = intercalary element, lcr = lateral crest, mcp = metacarpal process, mcr = medial crest, ole = olecranon, ppx = prepollex, rad = radius, rcd = radial condyle, rec = radial epicondyle, rle = radialle, sim = sulcus intermedius, ucd = ulnar condyle, uec = ulnar epicondyle, uln = ulna, ure = ulnare, vcr = ventral crest, Y = element Y. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 2 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 2. Dorsolateral view of the holotype (upper photo; MZUESC 18530, adult male) of Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. in life. Dorsolateral and ventral view (middle and lower photos, respectively) of the paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) in life. Photo of holotype by I.R. Dias and of paratopotype by O. Rojas-Padilla.

FIGURE 1 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 1. Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. holotype (upper row; MZUESC 18530, adult male) and paratopotype (lower row; MZUESC 21044, adult female) in dorsal (left column) and ventral (right column) views. Scale bar = 10 mm

FIGURE 7 in An elusive giant: A new species of Vitreorana Guayasamin et al., 2009 (Anura: Centrolenidae) from the northern Atlantic Forest with an osteological description and comments on integumentary spicules

FIGURE 7. Mineralized axial skeleton and girdles of (A, C–E) Vitreorana assuh sp. nov. paratopotype (MZUESC 21044, adult female) and (B, F–H) V. uranoscopa (MCP 15442, adult male). (A, B) Vertebral column in dorsal view. (C, F) Pectoral girdle in ventral view. Pelvic girdle in (D, G) lateral and (E, H) dorsal views. ace = acetabulum, cla = clavicle, cle = cleithrum, cor = coracoid, dae = dorsal acetabular expansion, dci = dorsal crest of ilium, dcu = dorsal crest of urostyle, dpt = dorsal protuberance of ilium, gcr = groove crest of urostyle, ili = ilium, isc = ischium, ish = iliac shaft, mpr = medial process, paf = preacetabular fossa, paz = preacetabular zone, ped = pedicle, poz = postzygapophyse, prz = prezygapophyse, pub = pubis, sad = sacral diapophysis, sca = scapula, tpr = transverse process, vae = ventral acetabular expansion. Scale bar = 2 mm.