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FIGURE 3 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 3. Terpios cf. fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. A, Sponge covering the colonies of Carijoa riisei (arrows) and the surrounding substratum; B, Preserved sample on C. riisei; C–D, Tylostyles organized in brushes, with the heads on the coral surface and the tips towards the exterior; E, Tylostyles with variable heads, generally pluri-lobed.

FIGURE 11. Desmapsamma vervoorti van Soest, 1998. A in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 11. Desmapsamma vervoorti van Soest, 1998. A, Sponge growing on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Reticulated surface of the sponge with large amount of sediment; C, Regular ectosomal skeleton of tracts of oxeas and sand grains; D, Choanosomal skeleton of tracts of oxeas organised in a rather irregular reticulum; E, Oxea and close up of the extremities; F, Isochela I; G, Isochela II; H, Sigma I; I, Sigma II.

FIGURE 9 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 9. Monanchora enigmatica (Burton & Rao, 1932). A, Sponge covering two fragments of Carijoa riisei; B, Choanosomal tracts running towards the surface; C, Tracts of strongyles echinated by styles; D, Strongyle; E, Style and close up of the head.

FIGURE 15 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 15. Hymedesmia (Stylopus) perlucida n. sp. A, Sponge growing on Paratelesto rosea in situ; B, Holotype encrusting P. ro s e a; C, Close up of P. ro s e a showing the anthocodiae free from sponge; D, Choanosomal skeleton with paucispicular tracts of tornotes; E, Schematic diagram of the sponge skeleton standing to a couple of sclerites; F, Isotornote and close up of the tip; G, Acanthostyle with magnification of the head and tip.

FIGURE 8. Strongylacidon zanzibarense Lendenfeld, 1897. A in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 8. Strongylacidon zanzibarense Lendenfeld, 1897. A, Sponge encrusting Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Close up of the sponge showing polyps clear of the sponge covering; C, Smooth surface pierced by groups of pores; D, Choanosomal skeleton organized in plumose, multispicular tracts; E, Strongyle; F, Unguiferate chela.

FIGURE 14. A–D in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 14. A–D, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) prostrata Thiele, 1903 holotype ZMB Por 3160. A, Anisotornotes and chelae; B–C, Small acanthostyles; D, Isochelae; E–I, Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) dichela (Hentschel, 1911) syntype ZMB Por 4438. E, Anisotornote and close up of the extremities; F–G, Acanthostyles; H, Isochela I; I, Isochela II.

FIGURE 23 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 23. Mycale (Aegogropila) cf. lilianae Carballo & Hajdu, 1998. A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Sponge growing on several fragments of C. riisei; C, Ectosome of paucispicular tracts of mycalostyles forming a reticulum; D, Choanosome formed by ascending tracts of mycalostyles; E, Mycalostyle; F, Sigma I; G, Sigma II; H, Anisochela I; I, Anisochela II; J, Anisochela III; K, Toxas; L, Micracanthoxeas.

FIGURE 26. A–F in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 26. A–F, Spicules of Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. A, Mycalostyle with magnification of the head; B, Anisochelae I; C. Anisochelae II; D, Sigma I with typical bifurcate extremity; E, Thin sigma II; F, Toxa very similar to raphidotoxa. G–N, Spicules of Mycale (Carmia) hentscheli Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994 holotype ZMB Por 4402. G, Mycalostyle and close up of the head; H, Anisochelae I; I, Anisochelae II; J, Sigma I; K, Sigma II (with a broken extremity); L, Toxa I; M, Toxa II; N, Micracanthoxeas.

FIGURE 33. Gelliodes hamata Thiele, 1903. A in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 33. Gelliodes hamata Thiele, 1903. A, Sponge covering the basal stolons of Paratelesto rosea; B. Close up of the sponge; C–D, Ectosomal skeleton of an irregular, tangential network of spongin fibres; E–F, Choanosomal skeleton formed by irregular network of spongin fibres; G, Oxea; H, Flabellate sigma I; I, Sigma II.

FIGURE 22. A–I in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 22. A–I, Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy, 1905). A, Specimen of the sponge on Carijoa riisei; B, Ectosomal skeleton; C, Choanosomal skeleton formed by ascending tracts of mycalostyles opening in a fan; D, Mycalostyle; E, Anisochela I; F, Anisochela II; G, Sigma; H, Raphides in trichodragma; I, Smooth microxea. J–O, Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima Dendy, 1905 holotype BMNH 1907.2.1.56. J, Anisochelae II; K, Smooth microxeas; L, Mycalostyle; M, Anisochelae I; N, sigma; O, Raphides in trichodragma.

FIGURE 29 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 29. Mycale (Carmia) sp. A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Examined sample on C. riisei; C, Choanosome of plumose tracts of mycalostyles; D, Mycalostyle with magnification of the extremities; E, Anisochela with evident central tooth; F, Toxa.

FIGURE 6. Chondropsis subtilis n in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 6. Chondropsis subtilis n. sp. A–B, Living sponge encrusting Carijoa riisei in situ. Note in B the pink massive sponge close to C. riisei might be the holotype of this species; C, Holotype encrusting several branches of C. riisei; D, Sand and spicules creating a fine and regular network on the sponge surface; E, Sponge surface showing a homogeneous layer of sand, foreign spicules and strongyles; F, Choanosomal skeleton of ascending tracts of spongin, embedded with sand grains, strongyles and foreign spicules; G, Straight and very thin strongyle; H, Very thin sigmas.

FIGURE 28 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 28. Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera (Dendy, 1896). A, Sponge on Carijoa riisei in situ; B, Preserved sample on fragments of C. riisei; C, Choanosome of small tracts of mycalostyles running to the surface; D, Mycalostyle with the magnification of the head; E, Palmate anisochelae; F, Sigma; G, Toxa.

FIGURE 25 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 25. Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata n. sp. A, Sponge covering a colony of Paratelesto rosea in situ (holotype); B, Holotype; C, Reproductive paratype (arrows); D–E, Ectosomal skeleton; F, Choanosomal tracts of mycalostyles opening in loose fans.

FIGURE 32 in Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species

FIGURE 32. Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. melanadocia de Laubenfels, 1936. A, Sponge covering a fragment of a colony of Carijoa riisei; B, Hispid surface of the sponge; C, Oxea and magnification of the tips.

FIGURE 5 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 5. Molecular tree showing the relation of C. corallophila sp. nov. to other Atlantic Cladorhizidae.

FIGURE 4 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 4. Comparative material of C. abyssicola (A–D) and C. gelida (E–F): A: Section of BMNH 1910.1.1.1372, Hansen collection "type", B–D: Habitus and section of BMNH 1934.2.16.14, E–F: Habitus with close-ups of ZMUC-DEM-31 (Syntype). Scale bars: A: 1 mm, B: 1 cm, C: 4 mm, D: 1 mm, E: 2 cm, F–G: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 3. Spicules of C. corallophila sp. nov. (holotype, SMF 11490): A: Strongyle, B: Mycalostyle, C: Sigma with one bifurcate end, D: Normal sigma, E: Anchorate anisochela, F: Tip of a lateral branch of holotype SMF 11490, G: Tip of a branch of SMF 11489, H: Section with prey inside the tissue, I: Surface-view with prey partly looking out. Scale bars: A, B: 100 µm, C, D: 30 µm, E: 10 µm, F, G: 1 mm (inset of G: 100 µm), H: 500µm, I: 100µm.

FIGURE 2 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 2. Habitus and skeleton of C. corallophila sp. nov.: A: In situ-picture of sponge with pointed surface filaments (SMF 11410) attached to a live Madrepora oculata colony, copyright T. Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre, Gotenburg University, B: In situ-picture of sponge with rounded surface filaments, sta. GeoB 14908-1, ROV dive 10, 1740.148'N 1640.6'W, 513 m water depth, Banda Mound Complex, copyright T. Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre, Gotenburg University, C: Basal part of SaM-ID 1430, encalcified by Lophelia pertusa, D: Holotype SMF 11490 in ethanol, E: Close-up of holotype, F: Section of holotype, G: Close-up of SMF 11489, H: Section thereof. Scale bars: A: 4 cm, B: 2 cm, C: 5 mm, D: 1 cm, E: 5 mm, F: 1 mm, G: 5 mm, H: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Cladorhiza corallophila sp. nov., a new carnivorous sponge (Cladorhizidae, Demospongiae) living in close association with Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata (Scleractinia)

FIGURE 1. Map of the study area off Mauritania with sampling sites (black square). Bathymetry derives from GEBCO (2014).