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Riparian forests and macroinvertebrates support multiple ecosystem processes across temperate and tropical streams
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The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on mycorrhizal fungi and their associations with rodents: insights from a temperate forest in Mexico
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Data from: Fate of atmospherically deposited NH4+ and NO3- in two temperate forests in China: temporal pattern and redistribution
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Mycorrhizal types regulate tree spatial associations in temperate forests: ectomycorrhizal trees might favor species coexistence
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Fungal community composition and genetic potential regulate fine root decay in northern temperate forests
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Data from: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze–thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions
<p>Effects of global warming are most pronounced in winter. A reduction in snow cover due to warmer atmospheric temperature in formerly cold ecosystems, however, could counteract an increase in soil temperature by reduction of insulation. Thus, soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) might increase in frequency and magnitude with warming, potentially leading to a disturbance of the soil biota and release of nutrients.</p> <p>Here, we assessed how soil freeze-thaw magnitude and frequency affect short-term release of nutrients in temperate deciduous forest soils by conducting a three factorial gradient experiment with ex-situ soil samples in climate chambers. The fully-crossed experiment included soils from forests dominated by <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> (European beech) that originate from different winter climate (mean coldest month temperature range ΔT > 4 K), a range of FTC magnitudes from no (T = 4.0 °C) to strong (T = -11.3 °C) soil frost, and a range of FTC frequencies (f = 0–7). We hypothesized that higher FTC magnitude and frequency, respectively, will increase the release of nutrients. Furthermore, soils from cold climates with historically stable winter soil temperatures due to deep snow cover will be more responsive to FTC than soils from warmer, more fluctuating winter soil climates.</p> <p>FTC magnitude and, to a lesser extent, also FTC frequency resulted in increased nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate release almost exclusively in soils from cold, snow-rich sites. The hierarchical regression analyses of our three-factorial gradient experiment revealed that the effects of climatic origin (mean minimum winter temperature) followed a sigmoidal curve for all studied nutrients and was modulated either by FTC magnitude (phosphate) or by FTC magnitude and frequency (nitrate, ammonium) in complex two- and, for all studied nutrients, in threefold interactions of the environmental drivers. Compared to initial concentrations, soluble nutrients were predicted to increase to 250 % for nitrate (up to 16 µg NO<sub>3</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), to 110 % for ammonium (up to 60 µg NH<sub>4</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), and to 400 % for phosphate (2.2 µg PO<sub>4</sub>-P kg<sup>-1</sup>DM) at the coldest site for strongest magnitude and highest frequency. Soils from warmer sites showed little nutrient release and were largely unaffected by the FTC treatments except for above-average nitrate release at the warmest sites in response to extremely cold FTC magnitude.</p> <p>We suggest that currently warmer forest soils have historically already passed the point of high responsiveness to winter climate change, displaying some form of adaptation either in the soil biotic composition or in labile nutrient sources. Our data suggests that previously cold sites, which will lose their protective snow cover during climate change, are most vulnerable to increasing FTC frequency and magnitude, resulting in strong shifts in nitrogen and phosphorus release. In nutrient poor European beech forests of the studied Pleistocene lowlands, nutrients released over winter may be leached out, inducing reduced plant growth rates in the following growing season.</p> <p>Here, we provide the raw data of a three-factorial regression experiment and the R-Code used in the hierarchical regression analysis of this raw data in Kreyling et al.: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze-thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions.</p>
Tree damage data from a 2009 windstorm in a temperate forest nitrogen fertilization experiment
<p>This repository contains the data and analysis for the paper <em>Nitrogen fertilization increases windstorm damage in an aggrading forest</em> by Walter, C.A., Fowler, Z.K., Adams, M.B., Burnham, M.B., McNeil, B.E., and W.T Peterjohn (2021) in the journal <em>Forests</em>, 12, 443. Open-access article available at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>.</p> <p>The analysis follows a two-step process:</p> <ol> <li>Prepare data using ba.csv and damage.csv in the script Data_prep.R</li> <li>Use prepared data in analysis.csv to perform bootstrap analysis in the script Analysis.R</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p><strong><em>Analysis</em></strong></p> <p>ba.csv and damage.csv are the datasheets corresponding to the 2009 forest inventory and the 2011 forest damage assessment in the LTSP experiment. These datasheets are run through the analysis pipeline Data_prep.R to create the analysisdata.csv datasheet that is used in the bootstrap analysis Analysis.R</p> <p>Data_prep.R calculates the percentage of stems and the basal area damaged in each LTSP treatment subunits (called "square"). It does this for all spp. together, by spp., by damage type, and by damage severity. This results in 17 response variables that are used in the bootstrap analysis. These data are written to analysisdata.csv.</p> <p>Analysis.R uses the prepped datasheet analysisdata.csv to compute empirical means across treatments, and create bootstrapped mean distributions using an 50,000 random samples. The empirical means are compared to the boostrapped mean distributions to calculate p-values.</p> <p>A detailed explanation of the analysis is available in the paper at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443">https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/4/443</a>.</p> <p><strong><em>Data</em></strong></p> <p>There are three datasheets in this repository - ba.csv, damage.csv, and analysisdata.csv. ba.csv is the data from the 2009 forest inventory in the LTSP (Fowler et al. 2014). damage.csv is the data from the 2011 damage survey in the LTSP. And analysisdata.csv is analysis product of both ba.csv and damage.csv, data for the percentage of trees (basal area or stems) damaged. The attributes are explained as follows:</p> <p><strong>ba.csv</strong>:<br> block - LTSP block number [integer]<br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> plot - LTSP plot number [integer]<br> square - subunit of plot [integer]<br> area_m2 - area of square in square meters [float]<br> area_ha - area of square in ha [float]<br> date - date square was sampled [date]<br> spp - species four-letter code [string]<br> tree - individual tree number [integer]<br> branch - individual branch of individual tree number [integer]<br> status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string]<br> dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float]<br> ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float]<br> baperham2 - basal area per hectare in square meters [float]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string]</p> <p><strong>damage.csv</strong>:<br> block - LTSP block number [integer]<br> plot - LTSP plot number [integer]<br> square - subunit of plot [integer]<br> spp - species four-letter code [string]<br> status - tree mortality status; L = live, D = Dead [binary string]<br> damagetype - damage type designation; B = bent, T = tipup, S = snap [string]<br> degree - damage degree; M = moderate, S = significant, E = extensive, P = prostrate [string]<br> damagecat - concatenation of damagetype and degree [string]<br> damagecont - arbitrarily designated ordinal scale of damagecat [integer]<br> dbh_cm - tree / branch diameter at breast height in centimeters [float]<br> ba_m2 - tree / branch diameter at breast height in meters [float]<br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> uniq_plot - concatenation of block|plot|trmt [string]</p> <p><strong>analysisdata.csv</strong>: <br> trmt - LTSP treatment name [string]<br> uniq_square - concatenation of block|plot|square|trmt [string]<br> totalba - total basal area in square meters of the square [float]<br> damageba - damaged ba in square meters of the square [float]<br> pctbadam - percentage of the totalba damaged [float]<br> totstems - total number of stems in the square [integer]<br> damstems - number of damages stems in the square [integer]<br> pctstemdam - percentage of totstems damaged in the square [float]<br> sumbent - sum of bent stems in the square [integer]<br> sumsnap - sum of snap stems in the square [integer]<br> sumtipup - sum of tiput stems in the square [integer]<br> pctbent - percentage of damaged stems of damage type bent in the square [float]<br> pctsnap - percentage of damaged stems of damage type snap in the square [float]<br> pcttipup - percentage of damaged stems of damage type tipup in the square [float]<br> sumseverE - sum of stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [integer]<br> sumseverM - sum of stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [integer]<br> sumseverP - sum of stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [integer]<br> sumseverS - sum of stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [integer]<br> pctseverE - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class E (Extensive) in square [float]<br> pctseverM - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class M (Moderate) in square [float]<br> pctseverP - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class P (Prostrate) in square [float]<br> pctseverS - percentage of damaged stems of damage severity class S (Severe) in square [float]<br> prpestemdam - sum of prpe stems damaged in square [integer]<br> litustemdam - sum of litu stems damaged in square [integer]<br> prsestemdam - sum of prse stems damaged in square [integer]<br> belestemdam - sum of bele stems damaged in square [integer]<br> prpestem - sum of prpe stems in square [integer]<br> litustem - sum of litu stems in square [integer]<br> prsestem - sum of prse stems in square [integer]<br> belestem - sum of bele stems in square [integer]<br> pctprpedam - percentage of prpestem damaged in square [float]<br> pctlitudam - percentage of litustem damaged in square [float]<br> pctprsedam - percentage of prsestem damaged in square [float]<br> pctbeledam - percentage of belestem damaged in square [float]<br> prpedamba - sum of prpe basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> litudamba - sum of litu basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> prsedamba - sum of prse basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> beledamba - sum of bele basal area damaged in square meters in square [integer]<br> prpeba - sum of prpe basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> lituba - sum of litu basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> prseba - sum of prse basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> beleba - sum of bele basal area in square meters in square [integer]<br> pctprpebadam - percentage of prpeba damaged in square [float]<br> pctlitubadam - percentage of lituba damaged in square [float]<br> pctprsebadam - percentage of prseba damaged in square [float]<br> pctbelebadam - percentage of beleba damaged in square [float]</p> <p><strong>Field sampling protocol</strong></p> <p>Additional details and schematics of the field sampling of the forest survey and damage assessment are included in the MS Excel file field_sampling_protocol.xlsx. The file includes graphical layouts of the blocks, plots, and squares and details of the measurements taken during sampling.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>License</strong></p> <p><em>MIT License</em></p> <p>Copyright (c) 2021 Chris Walter</p> <p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software, data, code, and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:</p> <p>The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.</p> <p>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</p>
Context-dependent effects of deer on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerative tree layer in temperate and boreal forests: a meta-analysis
<p>Herbivores, including deer (Cervidae), influence ecosystem functions and carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure and composition. Given the increase in deer populations in Europe and North America, there is growing interest in their impact on carbon dynamics in temperate and boreal forests. We investigated the effects of deer on carbon stored in the seedling and sapling layer through two mechanisms: (1) deer affecting the overall aboveground woody biomass in these strata and (2) deer changing the composition of tree species in these strata, because species differ in wood density and carbon content. We performed a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from 12 studies, assessing the effects of deer exclusion on aboveground carbon stocks within the seedling and sapling layer (≤3m) under two scenarios of carbon calculation, where we used either: (1) species-specific carbon content and wood density values (mean scenario) and (2) generic carbon content and wood density values (neutral scenario). Our results show that including species-specific wood density values in calculations had a minimal effect on the estimated impact of deer exclusion on carbon stocks compared to generic values, but that there was insufficient data on species-specific carbon content to determine its importance in calculating aboveground carbon stocks. Our results show that preventing deer herbivory did not have a consistent positive effect on aboveground carbon stocks in the regenerating forest layer, except in sites dominated by conifer saplings and boreal sites. Instead, the among-case variability in effects suggests a complex interaction between the impact of deer browsing and forest carbon. Understanding these interactions is vital to assess wildlife-carbon relations and to develop appropriate forest conservation approaches in response to growing deer populations.</p>
Forest reorganisation effects on fuel moisture content can exceed changes due to climate warming in wet temperate forests
<p>48-year modelled dataset of below canopy fuel moisture content (FMC) for field sites established in wet temperate eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia (allsites.csv). Raw hourly data for input to the model (hrlyallsitesgit.csv). </p>
Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the positive effects of local scale (α-diversity) biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are widely accepted, species turnover across communities (β-diversity) which is often an important driver of ecosystem functioning did not receive the same attention. This study broadens the understanding of how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: North-eastern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 2017.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Woody plants.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both averaging and modified multiple thresholds (50%, 70% and 90%) approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the optimal patterns of multifunctionality and biodiversity along the latitude. Using variance decomposition, structural equation modeling and linear mixed models, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results show that multifunctionality decreased with increasing latitude, mirroring the pattern of tree diversity along latitudinal gradients. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity emerged as crucial diversity indices for sustaining multifunctionality in these temperate forests. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by tree diversity. Environmental heterogeneity played a pivotal role in maintaining high levels of multifunctionality, exerting influence both directly and indirectly via phylogenetic β-diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.</p>
Chronic anthropogenic disturbance mediates the biodiversity-productivity relationship across stand ages in a large temperate forest region
<div>Temperate forests, especially those in the densely populated regions of the world, are experiencing increasing levels of habitat degradation and biological impoverishment due to subtle but pervasive chronic anthropogenic disturbances including frequent and continuous grazing and extraction of non-timber forest products. However, the effects of these subtle, chronic disturbances on the biodiversity-productivity relationship have rarely been examined especially in forests at different development stages. Accordingly, this study explores how chronic anthropogenic disturbance affects the relationship between tree species diversity and forest productivity at different stand development stages in a large temperate forest region.</div> <div> </div> <div>We used the human footprint index as a proxy for chronic human disturbance. Hierarchical Bayesian models were employed to assess the effects of chronic human disturbance on the relationship between tree diversity and forest productivity across different stand age. Several measures of diversity were employed, including taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity.</div> <div> </div> <div>Forest productivity consistently increased with taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic biodiversity; these biodiversity facets were the main drivers of forest productivity compared to stand age, chronic human disturbance, and climate. However, the magnitude at which productivity increases with the increments of taxonomic and functional diversity diminishes with the increasing chronic disturbance, especially in younger stands. The effects of phylogenetic diversity on productivity did not vary with chronic disturbance, regardless of stand age.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Synthesis and applications:</strong> Chronic human disturbance in a large temperate forest region reduces the increase in community productivity due to different facets of biodiversity, especially in young forests. The evidence suggests that the mitigation of chronic human disturbance and the conservation of biodiversity will be effective in sustaining essential ecosystem functions.</div>
Recovery of European temperate forests after large and severe disturbances
<p><span>As climate change progresses, there is increasing concern that large and severe disturbances may diminish the resilience of forest ecosystems and alter their recovery dynamics. We investigated recovery of temperate forests in Europe following large and severe disturbance events (more than 70 % canopy cover reduction in patches larger than 1 ha) that span a time since disturbance range of one to five decades. Across a ground-based plot network at 143 sites, featuring various forest types and management practices, subjected to 28 disturbance events, including windthrow, fire, and bark beetle, we studied post-disturbance tree density and composition, which are key indicators of forest resilience. We used this dataset to qualitatively assess forest recovery in structure and composition by comparing plot-level post-disturbance height-weighted densities with site-specific pre-disturbance densities. Additionally, we analyzed ecological drivers of post-windthrow tree density, including forest management, topography, and bioclimate, using a series of generalized additive models. The present dataset includes the plot-level data necessary to carry out the aforementioned analyses.</span></p>
Data from: Positive effects of tree species diversity on productivity switch to negative after severe drought mortality in a temperate forest experiment
<p>Synthesis of a large body of evidence from field experiments suggests more diverse plant communities are both more productive as well as more resistant to the effects of climatic extremes like drought. However, this view is strongly based on data from grasslands due to limited empirical evidence from tree diversity experiments. Here we report on the relationship between tree diversity and productivity over ten years in a field experiment established in 2005 that was then affected by the 2018 megadrought in central Europe. Across a number of years, tree species diversity and productivity were significantly positively related, however, the slope switched to negative in the year of the drought. Net diversity effects increased through time, with complementarity making greater continuations to the net diversity effect than selection effects. Complementarity was clearly positive (95 % credible interval) in three and five species mixtures before the drought (2012-2016) but was found to decrease in the year of the drought. Selection effects were clearly positive in 2016, and remained positive in 2018, the drought year in two, three, and five species mixtures. Survival of the Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) plummeted during drought and a negative relationship between species diversity and spruce survival was found. Our findings suggest that tree diversity per se may not buffer communities against the impacts of extreme drought and that tree species composition and the drought tolerance of tree species (i.e., species identity) will be important determinants of community productivity as the prevalence of drought increases.</p>
Vertical stratification of leaf physical traits exerts bottom-up pressures on insect herbivory in a sugar maple temperate forest
<p>Do vertical gradients in temperate forest structure insect herbivore communities? We tested the hypothesis that the increase in light intensity from understory to forest canopy level drives differences in leaf physical traits and budburst phenology that impact insect herbivores and thus play a role in structuring both herbivore communities and the leaf damages they cause. Twelve sugar maple <em>(Acer saccharum)</em> sites were monitored in southern Quebec, examining insect herbivore patterns from understory to the shaded and sun canopy over the summers of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Additionally, we recorded leaf physical traits, temperature, humidity, and sun exposure. Our findings revealed that leaf thickness increased along the vertical gradient in 2021, making leaves less favorable to herbivores in the canopy level. Accordingly, we recorded a consistent decrease in insect herbivory damage rates from the understory to the shaded canopy and sun canopy in 2020 and 2021, driven by leaf cutters, skeletonizers, stipplers, and leaf miners. These results support our hypothesis that variation in plant physical traits due to sun exposure contributes to the vertical stratification of insect damage. In 2022, the gradient of insect herbivore abundance corroborated the observed damage trends from the previous years. Moreover, we calculated an average annual herbivory rate of 9.1% of the leaf surface in our study site, suggesting limited evidence supporting a significant contribution of background herbivory to the decline of sugar maple forests. Overall, our study highlights the importance of vertical gradients in structuring insect herbivore communities and emphasizes the role of leaf traits in mediating these interactions.</p>
Data from: Enhanced woody biomass production in a mature temperate forest under elevated CO2
<p>This data set reports tree growth and net primary productivity in response to experimentally elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment (FACE) of the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR FACE). Data ae reported for a pre-treatment period (2010-2016) and from the onset of CO<sub>2</sub> treatment (2017-2023). The BIFoR FACE experiment is located in central England (52.801°N, 2.301°W, 107 m above sea level) within a deciduous forest dominated by 180-year old <em>Quercus robur</em> L. trees, which represent 92% of the forest's basal area. There are six experimental arrays of approximately 30 m diameter. Tree ring analysis was used to determine growth patterns within the arrays prior to the onset of CO<sub>2</sub> treatment. The trees in three of the arrays have been exposed to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (ambient concentration + 150 ppm) during the growing seasons since 2017. Tree diameter was measured with manual dendrometers, and dry mass of oak trees was calculated using an allometric equation determined by terrestrial laser scan of the trees within the arrays. Dry matter production of understory species and coarse roots was calculated using allometric equations from the literature. Leaf production was calculated from mass of leaf litter collected in litter baskets. Fine-root production was measured in ingrowth cores and scaled to 1-meter depth based on fine-root biomass in deep cores. Exudation rates were scaled up to a full growing season and total fine-root mass.</p>
Experimental data on trait-mediated interactions in temperate forests of northeastern China
<p>The study area was a 30-ha (500 600 m) permanent forest plot (43°57.928′–43°58.214′N; 127°45.287′–127°45.790′E) in Jilin Province, China. Two species, <em>Pinus koraiensis</em> and <em>Ulmus laciniata</em>, were selected as focal trees at the neighborhood scale. In 2010, all healthy adult individuals of <em>P. koraiensis </em>and<em> U. laciniata </em>were selected as focal trees, covering a wide range of DBH (diameter at breast height, 1.3m) classes (10 cm<DBH<80 cm). We obtained a dataset containing measurements for 74 trees of <em>P. koraiensis </em>and 70 trees of <em>U. laciniata</em>. There were 2,109 neighboring trees sampled for the focal trees of <em>P. koraiensis</em> and 1,400 neighboring trees were neighbors for the focal trees of <em>U. laciniata</em>. We determined soil properties and topographic features as abiotic variables influencing the interactions between trees. The 30-ha plot was divided into 20 ×20 m grid cells. Soils samples were collected from evenly distributed cells at a depth of 10 cm at the four corners of these cells. Four soil properties (soil pH, soil water content, soil organic matter content, and soil nutrients) were measured. The topographic variables, including elevation, convexity, slope steepness, and aspect were calculated for each sample cell</p>
Data repository for "Climate change increases the severity and duration of soil water stress in the temperate forest of eastern North America"
<p>Dataset provided for publication in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change : "Climate change increases the severity and duration of soil water stress in the temperate forest of eastern North America".</p>
Edge effects increase soil respiration without altering soil carbon stocks in temperate broadleaf forests
<p>Anthropogenic disturbance has left the world's forests highly fragmented, with a significant proportion of edge-affected area. Abiotic changes at forest edges are likely to affect forest soil carbon cycling, as higher temperatures and lower moisture availability in edge environments have well-documented effects on soil respiration. The present study sought to quantify persistent changes in soil carbon cycling in the fragmented broadleaf forests of southeastern Pennsylvania. At three sites with >80 year old forest-field edges, three 100 m transects perpendicular to the edge were established. Monthly measurements of soil respiration, temperature, and moisture were made at fixede distances along each transect throughout the growing season. Soil carbon storage from 0-20 cm depth, litter biomass, and decomposition rates were also assessed. Soil respiration was significantly higher at forest edges, relative to the interior, and this effect penetrated 60 m into the forest. Significantly elevated surface soil temperature and decreased soil moisture were also observed in edge environments. Despite elevated soil respiration at the edge, soil carbon storage, litter bssomass, and decomposition rates were invariant along edge to interior gradients. The temperature responsiveness of soil respiration was significantly higher in the forest interior (100 m), relative to locations ≤60 m from the edge. Edge effects altering elements of the soil carbon cycle were apparent in the forests of southeastern Pennsylvania, and principally manifest as increased soil respiration rates and decreased temperature responsiveness of soil respiration. Lack of variation in soil carbon pools and decomposition rates from the forest edge to interior suggests that increased soil respiration may be related to changes in root and rhizosphere respiration at the edge. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence documenting increased soil respiration in the edge environments of temperate broadleaf forests. Discounting the alterations imposed by forest fragmentation on carbon cycling has the potential to produce misleading estimates of land-atmosphere CO<sub>2</sub> exchange and terrestrial carbon storage.</p>
Three-dimensional stratification pattern in an old-growth lowland forest: how does height in canopy and season influence temperate bat activity?
<p class="PaperLauftext">The study of animal-habitat interactions is of primary importance for the formulation of conservation recommendations. Flying, gliding and climbing animals have the ability to exploit their habitat in a three-dimensional way and the vertical canopy structure in forests plays an essential role for habitat suitability. Forest bats as flying mammals may seasonally shift their microhabitat use due to differing energy demands or changing prey availability, but the patterns are not well understood.</p> <p>We investigated three-dimensional and seasonal habitat use by insectivorous bats in a temperate lowland old-growth forest, the <i>Belovezhskaya Pushcha</i> in Belarus. We acoustically sampled broadleaved and mixed coniferous plots in the forest interior and in gaps in three heights during two reproductive periods (pregnancy/lactation versus post-lactation). In canopy gaps, vertical stratification in bat activity was less pronounced than in the forest interior. Vertical activity patterns differed among species. The upper canopy levels were important foraging habitats for the open-space forager guild and for some edge-space foragers like the Barbastelle bat <i>Barbastella barbastellus</i> and the soprano pipistrelle <i>Pipistrellus pygmaeus</i>. <i>Myotis</i> species had highest activity levels near the ground in forest gaps. Moreover, we found species-dependent seasonal microhabitat shifts. Generally, all species and species groups considered except <i>Myotis</i> species showed higher activity levels during post-lactation. <i>Myotis</i> species tended towards higher activity in the forest interior during post-lactation. <i>P. pygmaeus</i> switched from high activity levels in the upper canopy during pregnancy and lactation to high activity levels near the ground during post-lactation. We conclude that a full comprehension of forest bat habitat use is only possible when height in canopy and seasonal patterns are considered.</p>
Short-term effect of thinning on red maple transpiration in a temperate mixed forest
<p>Under climate change, forests are expected to experience drier conditions that may increase tree mortality. Silvicultural treatments, such as thinning, have been proposed to reduce moisture competition and to improve forest resistance to drought events. Most studies have investigated the effectiveness of thinning under semi-arid conditions, while little information is available regarding temperate forest responses, together with the residual basal area (BA) that is required to reap the benefits of these treatments. This research aims to understand how the residual BA influences transpiration in mixed temperate forest stands that are dominated by red maple (<em>Acer rubrum</em>) in southeastern Canada. We monitored the sap flux density (Fd) with thermal dissipation-type sensors for 18 red maples spread across nine experimental plots that were thinned to obtain a gradient of residual BA (20, 12.5, 6 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>). The study was conducted during the first growing season following treatment. Low residual BA plots (6 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>) incurred drier atmospheric conditions as shown by a greater vapor pressure deficit (VPD) compared to high residual BA plots (20 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>). At the tree scale, Fd increased with residual BA, with the most pronounced differences under dry atmospheric conditions: when daily VPD exceeded 1.1 kPa, mean Fd in high residual BA plots was respectively 20% and 75% greater than in medium (12.5 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>) and low residual BA plots. At the stand level, we simulated total transpiration considering the stand as only made of red maples. The transpiration in medium and low residual BA plots amounted to 41% and 79% of transpiration simulated in the high residual BA plot. Overall, this work highlighted broad variation in response to residual BA treatments, emphasizing the need to better model forest water budgets, and partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration to make more adequate residual BA prescriptions in temperate forests.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.