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102 results for “tree islands”
Data from: Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana-free trees in a Neotropical forest
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Data from: Tropical trees in a wind-exposed island ecosystem: height-diameter allometry and size at onset of maturity
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Interspecific hybridization and island colonization history, not rarity, most strongly affect the genetic diversity in a clade of Mascarene-endemic trees
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Data from: Not seeing the grass for the trees: timber plantations and agriculture shrink tropical montane grassland by two-thirds over four decades in the Palani Hills, a Western Ghats Sky Island
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Data from: Diversification and gene flow in nascent lineages of island and mainland North American tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus)
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Data from: Forest fragmentation genetics in a formerly widespread island endemic tree: Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae)
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On defining and finding islands of trees and mitigating large island bias
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Ratio of 18O to 16O Stable Isotopes in Tree Stem Cores at HJA, HFR, NWT, CWT, LUQ, and Barro Colorado Island
Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. The most abundant tree species (by basal area) were sampled at each experimental site (HJA, HFR, NWT, CWT, LUQ, and Barro Colorado Island) for ratio of stable isotopes of 18 Oxygen to 16 Oxygen in parts per million from ground and homogenized tree stem cores as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836. .
Long evolutionary history of an emerging fungal pathogen of diverse tree species in eastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands
<p>Emerging plant pathogens have been increasing exponentially over the last century. To address this issue, it is critical to determine whether these pathogens are native to ecosystems or have been recently introduced. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes fostering emergence can help to manage their spread and predict epidemics/epiphytotics. Using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data, we studied genetic relationships, pathways of spread, and evolutionary history of <em>Phellinus noxius</em>, an emerging root-rotting fungus of unknown origin, in eastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. We analyzed patterns of genetic variation using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood phylogeny, populations splits and mixtures measuring correlations in allele frequencies and genetic drift, and finally applied coalescent based theory using Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) with supervised machine learning. Population structure analyses revealed five genetic groups with signatures of complex recent and ancient migration histories. The most probable scenario of ancient pathogen spread is movement from an unsampled population to Malaysia and the Pacific Islands, with subsequent spread to Taiwan and Australia. Furthermore, ABC analyses indicate <em>P. noxius</em> spread occurred thousands of generations ago, contradicting previous assumptions that this pathogen was recently introduced to multiple geographic regions. Our results suggest that recent emergence of <em>P. noxius</em>in eastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands is likely driven by anthropogenic and natural disturbances, such as deforestation, land-use change, severe weather events, and/or introduction of exotic plants. This study provides a novel example of applying genome-wide allele frequency data to unravel dynamics of pathogen emergence under changing ecosystem conditions.</p>
Dated tree of 24,000 Angiosperms species incl Canary Island colonisation events
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Insular woodiness (IW), referring to the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness towards woodiness on islands, has arisen more than 30 times on the Canary Islands (Atlantic Ocean). One of the IW hypotheses suggests that drought has been a major driver of wood formation, but we do not know in which palaeoclimatic conditions the insular woody lineages originated. Therefore, we provided an updated review on the presence of IW on the Canaries, reconstructed the palaeoclimate, and estimated the timing of origin of woodiness of 24 insular woody lineages that represent a large majority of the insular woody species diversity on the Canaries. Our single, broad-scale dating analysis shows that woodiness in 60-65% of the insular woody lineages studied originated within the last 3.2 Myr during which Mediterranean seasonality (yearly summer droughts) became established on the Canaries. Consequently, our results are consistent with palaeoclimatic aridification as a potential driver of woodiness in a considerable proportion of the insular woody Canary Island lineages. However, the observed pattern between insular woodiness and palaeodrought during the last couple of million years could potentially have emerged as a result of the typically young age of the native insular flora that is characterised by a high turnover.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 1 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 1. Sampling locations of the Dipsadoboa individuals included in this study.
Figure 1. A in Defoliation of the Invasive Tree Falcataria moluccana on Hawaii Island by the Native Koa Looper Moth (Geometridae: Scotorythra paludicola), and Evaluation of Five Fabaceous Trees as Larval Hostplants
Figure 1. A young visitor watches caterpillars crawling on the handrails at Akaka Falls State Park on March 22, 2013. (Photo: Anastasia Poland).
Figure 3 in Defoliation of the Invasive Tree Falcataria moluccana on Hawaii Island by the Native Koa Looper Moth (Geometridae: Scotorythra paludicola), and Evaluation of Five Fabaceous Trees as Larval Hostplants
Figure 3. Survival of Scotorythra paludicola caterpillars on five diets at 23°C. Only Acacia koa and Falcataria mollucana were accepted as food, and both supported development to adulthood.
Fig. 2. Mid-point phylogenetic trees using SAG3 in Toxoplasma gondii infection in Amami spiny rat on Amami-Oshima Island, Japan
Fig. 2. Mid-point phylogenetic trees using SAG3 (A), GRA6 (B), and ROP18 (C) sequences of Toxoplasma gondii detected from the Amami spiny rat specimen and the references available in the public databases. *, type I strain; **, type II strain; ***, type III strain; ****, atypical strain. Bars represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.
FIG. 3. The tree resulting from a in Three New Species of Musseromys (Muridae, Rodentia), the Endemic Philippine Tree Mouse from Luzon Island
FIG. 3. The tree resulting from a maximum-likelihood analysis of the cytochrome b gene from Phloeomys Division species under the best-fitting model (GTR+I+Γ4). Numbers at nodes indicate maximum-likelihood (above the line) bootstrap support. Terminal taxa are identified by species name and a unique alphanumeric identifier (either FMNH catalog number or Genbank accession number). Trees are rooted with Rattus norvegicus (Genbank number X14848) and with three species of gerbil: Meriones unguiculatus (AF119264), Gerbillus nigeriae (AJ430555), and Gerbilliscus guineae (AJ430562) as outgroups (not shown). Black and gray branches indicate elevational range reconstructed using parsimony optimization (see Molecular Genetic Methods), where black and grey indicate lowland and montane distributions, respectively.
FIG. 7. The tree resulting from a in Archboldomys (Muridae: Murinae) Reconsidered: A New Genus and Three New Species of Shrew Mice from Luzon Island, Philippines
FIG. 7. The tree resulting from a maximum-likelihood analysis of the cytochrome b from Chrotomys Division species under the best-fitting model (GTR + I + Γ4). Numbers at nodes indicate maximum-likelihood (above the line) or parsimony (below the line) bootstrap support. Terminal taxa are identified by species name and a unique alphanumeric identifier (either DNA number or Genbank accession number; table 6). Trees are rooted with Phloeomys cumingi and Batomys granti as outgroups (not shown).
Long evolutionary history of an emerging fungal pathogen of diverse tree species in eastern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands
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Dated tree of 24,000 Angiosperms species incl Canary Island colonisation events
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Data from: Genetic diversity of the endemic Canary Island pine tree, Pinus canariensis (Ph.D. thesis)
The Canary Island pine, Pinus canariensis, is an endemic tree that forms one of the main forest ecosystems within the archipelago, and whose distribution has been reduced in the last five centuries by clear cutting for the extraction of timber and tar. It was in the XXth century that exploitation declined and reforestation programs were brought forward for the restoration of an ecosystem that harbours a number of endangered endemic species of plants and animals. In addition to reforestation efforts, an understanding of population genetic processes is also necessary for the successful conservation management of the Canarian pine forest, particularly in light of gathering evidence for local adaptation. In this thesis historical and contemporary gene flow within P. canariensis was studied with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers. High immigration rates (0.68–0.75) were estimated as expected for an outcrossing wind-pollinated tree. Nevertheless, significant population differentiation (FST=0.019, RST=0.044) was detectable for sites separated by only a few kilometres. Within the context of reforestation programs the high levels of gene flow detected would appear to have a positive effect, by facilitating the immigration of local alleles from natural stands into potentially genetically depauperate first generation gene pools of reforested stands. Historical population growth was revealed with chloroplast microsatellites for most populations of P. canariensis. Population expansions for the pine parasite weevil Brachyderes rugatus were also detected, broadly coinciding with the population expansions within the Canary Island pine forests. Given the estimated times of expansion, these population demographic increases would seem likely related to the process of colonisation of newly emerged islands or local patches after volcanic disturbance. Detection and dating of these expansions from chloroplast microsatellites was, to some degree, negatively affected by homoplasy (i.e. parallel and back mutations). Coalescent simulations of the evolution of chloroplast microsatellites were applied to study the effects of homoplasy in the statistical analysis of population structuring. Measures of genetic diversity based on number of haplotypes and measures based on genetic distances were differently affected. Genetic distances were underestimated but were proportional to the actual value. These effects help to explain the lower performance of statistical analyses for the detection and dating of population expansions. Further research on the effects of homoplasy in the analysis of population differentiation using chloroplast microsatellites is essential.
Data from: Genetic diversity of the endemic Canary Island pine tree, Pinus canariensis (Ph.D. thesis)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.