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133 results for “wild boar”
Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions
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Seasonal distribution and fencing effect for water deer and wild boar in an urban forest fringe area
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Data from: Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
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Introgression dynamics from invasive pigs into wild boar following the March 2011 natural and anthropogenic disasters at Fukushima
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Data from: Impact of hunting modality on social contacts in wild boar populations across Europe
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Does mast seeding shape mating time in wild boar? A comparative study
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Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: insight for control
Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics, however the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially-explicit model of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. We predicted that carcass-based transmission would play a substantial role in persistence, especially in low-density host populations where contact rates are low. By fitting the model to outbreak data using Approximate Bayesian Computation, we inferred that between 53 to 66% of transmission events were carcass-based – i.e., transmitted through contact of a live host with a contaminated carcass. Model fitting and sensitivity analyses showed that the frequency of carcass-based transmission increased with decreasing host density, suggesting that management policies should emphasize the removal of carcasses and consider how reductions in host densities may drive carcass-based transmission. Sensitivity analyses also demonstrated that carcass-based transmission is necessary for the autonomous persistence of ASFV under realistic parameters. Autonomous persistence through direct transmission alone required high host densities; otherwise re-introduction of virus periodically was required for persistence when direct transmission probabilities were moderately high. We quantify the relative role of different persistence mechanisms for a low-prevalence disease using readily collected ecological data and viral surveillance data. Understanding how the frequency of different transmission mechanisms vary across host densities can help identify optimal management strategies across changing ecological conditions.
Data from: Niche conservatism and the invasive potential of the wild boar
1.Niche conservatism, i.e. the retention of a species' fundamental niche through evolutionary time, is cornerstone for biological invasion assessments. The fact that species tend to maintain their original climate niche allows predictive maps of invasion risk to anticipate potential invadable areas. Unraveling the mechanisms driving niche shifts can shed light on the management of invasive species. 2.Here, we assessed niche shifts in one of the world's worst invasive species: the wild boar Sus scrofa. We also predicted potential invadable areas based on an ensemble of three ecological niche modeling methods, and evaluated the performance of models calibrated with native vs pooled (native plus invaded) species records. By disentangling the drivers of change on the exotic wild boar population's niches, we found strong evidence for niche conservatism during biological invasion. 3.Ecological niche models calibrated with both native and pooled range records predicted convergent areas. Also, observed niche shifts are mostly explained by niche unfilling, i.e. there are unoccupied areas in the exotic range where climate is analogous to the native range. 4.Niche unfilling is expected as result of recent colonization and ongoing dispersal, and was potentially stronger for the Neotropics, where a recent wave of introductions for pig-farming and game-hunting has led to high wild boar population growth rates. The invasive potential of wild boar in the Neotropics is probably higher than in other regions, which has profound management implications if we are to prevent their invasion into species-rich areas, such as Amazonia, coupled with expansion of African swine fever and possibly great economic losses. 5.Although the originally Eurasian-wide distribution suggests a pre-adaptation to a wide array of climates, the wild boar worldwide invasion does not exhibit evidence of niche evolution. The invasive potential of the wild boar therefore probably lies on the reproductive, dietary and morphological characteristics of this species, coupled with behavioral thermoregulation.
Data from: Wild boar (Sus scrofa) increases species diversity of semi-dry grassland: field experiment with simulated soil disturbances
Background Foraging activities of wild boar (Sus scrofa) create small-scale soil disturbances in many different vegetation types. Rooting alters species composition by opening niches for less-competitive plants and as a recurrent factor becomes a part of the community disturbance regime. Vegetation responses to wild boar disturbance have mostly been studied in the boar's non-native range or in native forest, rather than in open habitats in the native range. We investigate the response of open European semi-dry grassland vegetation dominated by (Brachypodium pinnatum) to native wild boar pressure in an abandoned agricultural landscape. Methods To describe the disturbance regime, we repeatedly mapped rooted patches during a 5-year period. Additionally, to study the vegetation response, we performed an artificial disturbance experiment by creating 30 pairs of simulated disturbances and undisturbed plots. The vegetation composition of the paired plots was repeatedly sampled five times in eight years of the study. Results Based on repeated mapping of disturbances, we predict that if the disturbance regime we observed during the 5-year period were maintained over the long term, it would yield a stable vegetation ratio consisting of 98.7 % of the grassland undisturbed, 0.4 % with fresh disturbance and 0.9 % in older successional stages. Vegetation composition on the artificially disturbed plots was continuously converging to that of undisturbed vegetation, but these disturbed plots still differed significantly in composition and had higher species number, even after eight years of succession. Synthesis Our results thus show that wild boar disturbance regime in its native range increases heterogeneity and species diversity of semi-dry grassland vegetation.
Data from: Distinguishing migration events of different timing for wild boar in the Balkans
Aim: We compared the power of different nuclear markers to investigate genetic structure of southern Balkan wild boar. We distinguished between historic events, such as isolation in different refugia during glacial periods, from recent demographic processes, such as naturally occurring expansions. Location: Southern Balkans/Greece. Methods: We sampled 555 wild boars from 20 different locations in southern Balkans/Greece. All individuals were analysed with 10 microsatellites and a subgroup of 91 with 49,508 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Patterns of genetic structure and demographic processes were assessed with Bayesian clustering, linkage disequilibrium and past effective population size estimation analysis. Results: Both microsatellite and SNP data analyses detected genetic structure caused by historic events and support the existence of three groups in the studied area. A hybrid zone between two of the groups was also detected. We also showed that genome-wide SNP data analysis can identify recent events in bottlenecked populations. Main conclusions: We inferred the three groups diverged ~50,000–10,000 yr bp when populations contracted to different refugia. Our findings strengthened the evidence that the southern Balkan area was a glacial refugium including further local smaller refugia. Genome-wide genotyping inferred a recent population expansion that can mimic a 'refugium within refugium' scenario. It seems that microsatellite data tend to overestimate genetic structure when genetic drift happens in bottlenecked populations over a short distance. Therefore, genome-wide SNPs are more powerful at inferring phylogeography in natural populations, resolving inconsistencies from mitochondrial and microsatellite data sets.
"Out of South Asia": distinctive genomic profile of wild boar and domestic pig populations in South Asia
<p> content:</p> <p>hic matrix for p1, p2, p3</p>
The de novo assembly of a European wild boar genome revealed unique patterns of chromosomal structural variations and segmental duplications
<div> <div> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/age.13181">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/age.13181</a></p> <h1>The de novo assembly of a European wild boar genome revealed unique patterns of chromosomal structural variations and segmental duplications</h1> <div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Chen/Jianhai">Jianhai Chen</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Zhong/Jie">Jie Zhong</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/He/Xuefei">Xuefei He</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Li/Xiaoyu">Xiaoyu Li</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Ni/Pan">Pan Ni</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Safner/Toni">Toni Safner</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/%C5%A0prem/Nikica">Nikica Šprem</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/authored-by/Han/Jianlin">Jianlin Han</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The rapid progress of sequencing technology has greatly facilitated the de novo genome assembly of pig breeds. However, the assembly of the wild boar genome is still lacking, hampering our understanding of chromosomal and genomic evolution during domestication from wild boars into domestic pigs. Here, we sequenced and de novo assembled a European wild boar genome (ASM2165605v1) using the long-range information provided by 10× Linked-Reads sequencing. We achieved a high-quality assembly with contig N50 of 26.09 Mb. Additionally, 1.64% of the contigs (222) with lengths from 107.65 kb to 75.36 Mb covered 90.3% of the total genome size of ASM2165605v1 (~2.5 Gb). Mapping analysis revealed that the contigs can fill 24.73% (93/376) of the gaps present in the orthologous regions of the updated pig reference genome (Sscrofa11.1). We further improved the contigs into chromosome level with a reference-assistant scaffolding method. Using the ‘assembly-to-assembly’ approach, we identified intra-chromosomal large structural variations (SVs, length >1 kb) between ASM2165605v1 and Sscrofa11.1 assemblies. Interestingly, we found that the number of SV events on the X chromosome deviated significantly from the linear models fitting autosomes (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> > 0.64, <em>p</em> < 0.001). Specifically, deletions and insertions were deficient on the X chromosome by 66.14 and 58.41% respectively, whereas duplications and inversions were excessive on the X chromosome by 71.96 and 107.61% respectively. We further used the large segmental duplications (SDs, >1 kb) events as a proxy to understand the large-scale inter-chromosomal evolution, by resolving parental-derived relationships for SD pairs. We revealed a significant excess of SD movements from the X chromosome to autosomes (<em>p</em> < 0.001), consistent with the expectation of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. Enrichment analyses indicated that the genes within derived SD copies on autosomes were significantly related to biological processes involving nervous system, lipid biosynthesis and sperm motility (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Together, our analyses of the de novo assembly of ASM2165605v1 provides insight into the SVs between European wild boar and domestic pig, in addition to the ongoing process of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation in driving inter-chromosomal interaction between the sex chromosome and autosomes.</p> </div> </div> <div>The work has been pulished here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/age.13181</div> <div> </div> <div>The current dataset include the genome annotation files.</div> <div> </div> <div>For the whole-genomic assembly, please check NCBI: </div> <div>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_021656055.1/</div> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th> </th> <th>GenBank</th> </tr> </tbody> <tbody> <tr> <td>Genome size</td> <td>2.5 Gb</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Total ungapped length</td> <td>2.4 Gb</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Number of scaffolds</td> <td>12,642</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Scaffold N50</td> <td>28.3 Mb</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Scaffold L50</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Number of contigs</td> <td>41,323</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Contig N50</td> <td>157.9 kb</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Contig L50</td> <td>4,562</td> </tr> <tr> <td>GC percent</td> <td>42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Genome coverage</td> <td>56.0x</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Assembly level</td> <td>Scaffold</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <h2>Assembly methods</h2> <div>Sequencing technology 10xgenomics Assembly method Supernova v. 2.1.1 <p> </p> <p>part_** are genome fasta for the GCA_021656055.1</p> <p>You could use the following to combine and uncompress.</p> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div><code><span>cat</span> part_* > archive_combined.zip </code></div> </div> <div> <div> </div> <div><code>unzip archive_combined.zip</code></div> </div> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div>
Early life growth and telomere length in wild boar piglets 2018
<p><span>Life history theory predicts a trade-off between growth rates and lifespan, which is reflected by telomere length, a biomarker of somatic state. We investigated the correlation between telomere</span><span> length and early life growth of wild boar piglets, <i>Sus scrofa, </i>kept under semi-natural conditions with</span><span> high food availability to examine our hypothesis that increased pre-and post-natal growth will lead to</span><span> telomere length attrition but that a high supply of nutrient may provide the possibility to compensate telomere loss via telomere repair mechanisms. As predicted, our data showed a clear negative correlation between birth body mass and initial telomere length: heavier neonates had shorter telomeres at birth, and we did not find an influence of the mother on initial telomere length. Body mass at birth correlated with body mass later in life and post-natal growth rate did not affect telomere length. We observed an increase in telomere length during postnatal development, suggesting that high food availability allowed piglets to invest into both, growth and telomere restoration. The increase in telomere length over the duration of the study was not accompanied by telomerase activity, thus telomere elongation was either caused by alternative mechanisms or by short pulses of telomerase activity, that we missed. Taken together, this study suggests a trade-off between investment into growth and telomere maintenance even before birth and the possibility to compensate telomere attrition during growth under high amounts of available energy.</span></p>
Data from: Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa)
While motorways are often assumed to influence the movement behaviour of large mammals, there are surprisingly few studies that show an influence of these linear structures on the genetic make-up of wild ungulate populations. Here, we analyse the spatial genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) along a stretch of motorway in the Walloon part of Belgium. Altogether 876 red deer were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci, and 325 wild boars at 14 loci. In the case of the red deer, different genetic clustering tools identified two genetic subpopulations whose borders matched the motorway well. Conversely, no genetic structure was identified in the case of the wild boar. Analysis of isolation-by-distance patterns of pairs of individuals on the same side and on different sides of the motorway also suggested that the road was a barrier to red deer, but not to wild boar movement. While telemetry studies seem to confirm that red deer are more affected by motorways then wild boar, the red deer sample size was also much larger than that of the wild boars. We therefore repeated the analysis of genetic structure in the red deer with randomly sub-sampled datasets of decreasing size. The power to detect the genetic structure using clustering methods decreased with decreasing sample size.
Wild boar roman bronze sculpture, Evora
Small Roman bronze sculpture depicting a wild boar. This piece is dated between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD although its origin is unknown. It is currently preserved in the Frei Manuel do Cenáculo National Museum (Évora, Portugal). Catalog No. ME3349. PEREIRA, Gabriel - Estudos Eborenses, I, 2ª ed. Évora: Edições Nazareth, 1947, p. 130. PINTO, António José Nunes - Bronzes Figurativos Romanos de Portugal. Lisboa: Fundação calouste Gulbenkian, 2002, p. 228. 438 photos from Canon 5D Mk IV. Completely processed (aligned, scaled, meshed, cleaned, simplified, unwrapped, textured) in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Risk factors associated to a high Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex seroprevalence in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from a low bovine tuberculosis prevalence area
<p>Animal tuberculosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused principally by <i>Mycobacterium bovis,</i> a member of the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex </i>(MTC). In southern Iberian peninsula, wild reservoirs such as the wild boar, among other factors, have prevented the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. However, most of the studies have been focused on south-central Spain, where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high among wild ungulates and cattle herds. In northern regions, where wild boar density and bovine tuberculosis prevalence are lower, fewer studies have been carried out and the role of this species is still under debate. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of antibodies against MTC in wild boar from the Basque Country, northern Spain. Sera from 1902 animals were collected between 2010 and 2016. The seroprevalence was determined with an in house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the search of risk factors was assessed by Generalized Linear Models. Overall, 17% of wild boars (326/1902; 95%CI, [15.5%–18.9%]) showed antibodies against MTC. Risk factors associated with seropositivity were the year and location of sampling, the number of MTC positive cattle, the distance to positive farms and the percentage of shrub cover. Age was associated with increased antibody titres among seropositive individuals. The seroprevalence detected was higher than those previously reported in neighbouring regions. Hence, further studies are needed to better understand the role of wild boar in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in low tuberculosis prevalence areas and consequently, its relevance when developing control strategies.</p>
Data from: Effectiveness of signs of activity as relative abundance indices for wild boar
<p><span>Population growth in wild boars and feral pigs (</span><i><span>Sus scrofa</span></i><span>) has negative environmental and economic implications worldwide. Accordingly, it is necessary to monitor population trends for appropriate management. Despite the potential for bias, relative abundance indices based on signs of activity </span><span><span>have the potential to be </span></span><span>practical, low-cost monitoring tools for data collection at a local scale and over large areas. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific signs as measures of relative wild boar abundance </span><span><span>in comparison with reliable density estimates.</span></span><span> In this study, we examined whether three activity signs (digging marks, rubbing marks, and fecal pellet groups) could be used as relative abundance indices for wild boar. In particular, we conducted transect surveys for signs of activity as well as camera trap surveys from September 2017 to January 2018 at six sites in Hyogo Prefecture and eight sites in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. We modeled the relations between the number of activity signs and wild boar densities or </span><span><span>abundances</span></span><span> estimated from camera trap data </span><span><span>in a hierarchical framework</span></span><span>. Fecal pellet counts are a well-established method for estimating the abundance of herbivores, including wild boar; however, we found few fecal pellet groups in our study area, and the counts were not related to wild boar densities. Instead, we found that digging marks were strongly associated with estimates of wild boar density. Although fluctuations in the number of digging marks may be affected by factors other than boar density, including environmental conditions and seasonality, our results suggest that digging marks are an effective relative abundance index for evaluations of the spatial patterns of wild boar in Japan.</span></p>
Data from: Niche conservatism and the invasive potential of the wild boar
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Data from: Wild boar (Sus scrofa) increases species diversity of semi-dry grassland: field experiment with simulated soil disturbances
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Data from: Effectiveness of signs of activity as relative abundance indices for wild boar
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