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6,335 results for “direct”
Data from: Diagnostic pathways and direct medical costs incurred by new adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients prior to anti-tuberculosis treatment – Tamil Nadu, India
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) patients face substantial delays prior to treatment initiation, and out of pocket (OOP) expenditures often surpass the economic productivity of the household. We evaluated the pre-diagnostic cost and health seeking behaviour of new adult pulmonary TB patients registered at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This descriptive study, part of a randomised controlled trial conducted in three rural Tuberculosis Units from Dec 2012 to Dec 2015, collected data on number of health facilities, dates of visits prior to the initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and direct OOP medical costs associated with TB diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis examined the factors associated with delays in treatment initiation and OOP expenditures. Results: Of 880 TB patients interviewed, 34.7% presented to public health facilities and 65% patients sought private health facilities as their first point of care. The average monthly individual income was $77.79 (SD 57.14). About 69% incurred some pre-treatment costs at an average of $39.74. Overall, patients experienced a median of 6 days (3-11 IQR) of time to treatment initiation and 21 days (10-30 IQR) of health systems delay. Age ≤ 40 years (aOR: 1.73; CI: 1.22 - 2.44), diabetes (aOR: 1.63; CI: 1.08 - 2.44) and first visit to a private health facility (aOR: 17.2; CI: 11.1 - 26.4) were associated with higher direct OOP medical costs, while age ≤ 40 years (aOR: 0.64; CI: 0.48 - 0.85) and first visit to private health facility (aOR: 1.79, CI: 1.34 - 2.39) were associated with health systems delay. Conclusion: The majority of rural TB patients registering at PHCs visited private health facilities first and incurred substantial direct OOP medical costs and delays prior to diagnosis and anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation. This study highlights the need for PHCs to be made as the preferred choice for first point of contact, to combat TB more efficiently.
Data from: Direct and plant trait-mediated effects of the local environmental context on butterfly oviposition patterns
Variation in the intensity of plant-animal interactions over different spatial scales is widespread and might strongly influence fitness and trait selection in plants. Differences in traits among plant individuals have been shown to influence variation in interaction intensities within populations, while differences in environmental factors and community composition are shown to be important for variation over larger scales. However, little is still known about the relative importance of the local environmental context vs. plant traits for the outcome of interactions within plant populations. We investigated how oviposition by the seed-predator butterfly Phengaris alcon on its host plant Gentiana pneumonanthe was related to host plant traits and to local environmental variation, as well as how oviposition patterns translated into effects on host plant fruit set. We considered the local environmental context in terms of height of the surrounding vegetation and abundance of the butterfly's second host, Myrmica ants. The probability of oviposition was higher in plants that were surrounded by lower vegetation, and both the probability of oviposition and the number of eggs increased in early-flowering and tall plants with many flowers in the three study populations. Flowering phenology, shoot height and flower production were, in turn, related to higher surrounding vegetation. Myrmica abundance was correlated with vegetation height, but had no effect on oviposition patterns. Oviposition and subsequent seed predation by the caterpillars strongly reduced host plant fruit set. Our results show that plant-animal interactions are context-dependent not only because the context influences the abundance or the behavior of the animal interactor, but also because it influences the expression of plant traits that affect the outcome of the interaction. The results also demonstrate that heterogeneity in environmental conditions at a very local scale can be important for the outcomes of interactions.
Data from: Resolving the heading-direction ambiguity in vertical-beam radar observations of migrating insects
1. Each year, massive numbers of insects fly across the continents at heights of hundreds of metres, carried by the wind, bringing both environmental benefits and serious economic and social costs. To investigate the insects' flight behaviour and their response to winds, entomological radar has proved to be a particularly valuable tool; however, its observations of insect orientation are ambiguous with regard to the head/tail direction and this greatly hinders interpretation of the migrants' flight behaviour. 2. We have developed two related methods of using wind data to resolve the head/tail ambiguity and we have compared their outputs with those from simply assigning the heading direction to be that which is closer to the track direction. We applied all three methods to observations of Australian Plague Locust migrations made with an Insect Monitoring Radar. 3. For the study dataset, some of the headings selected by the simpler method are shown to be clearly incorrect. The two new methods generally agree and reveal a significantly different, and presumably more accurate, relationship of heading direction to track direction. However, use of these methods leads to quite a large proportion of the sample being lost because the wind values, which derive from a regional-scale numerical model, are shown to be incompatible with the radar observations. This exploratory study has moreover demonstrated that locusts are frequently oriented at a large angle to their track, and that quite often their movement is at least slightly tail-first. 4. Both new methods appear to be a significant improvement on the simpler method. As well as providing an accurate representation of migratory flight behaviour, they allow occasions when the model wind values are unreliable to be eliminated from the data sample.
Raw diffraction images of a crystal of thermolysin solved by SAD from data collected by Direct Data Collection (DDC) using the ESRF RoboDiff goniometer
<p>In order to demonstrate the data collection capabilities of the RoboDiff diffraction data were collected from a crystal of thermolysin to demonstrate the suitability of the beamline MASSIF-1 and RoboDiff for ab initio phasing experiments using diffraction data collected at wavelengths at or remote from the absorption edges of the anomalous scattering elements contained in crystals.</p>
Raw diffraction images of a crystal of Bovine trypsin collected by Direct Data Collection (DDC) using the ESRF RoboDiff goniometer
<p>In order to demonstrate the data collection capabilities of the RoboDiff diffraction data were collected from a crystal of Bovine trypsin to demonstrate the suitability of the beamline MASSIF-1 and RoboDiff for standard data collection.</p>
Raw diffraction images of a crystal of Ferulic Acid Esterase (FAE) solved by SAD from data collected by Direct Data Collection (DDC) using the ESRF RoboDiff goniometer
<p>In order to demonstrate the data collection capabilities of the RoboDiff diffraction data were collected from a crystal of FAE to demonstrate the suitability of the beamline MASSIF-1 and RoboDiff for ab initio phasing experiments using diffraction data collected at wavelengths at or remote from the absorption edges of the anomalous scattering elements contained in crystals.</p>
Supplementary files of Jorge M G, Brennand T A. Measuring (subglacial) bedform orientation, one-dimensional size, and directional shape - method accuracy. PLOS ONE, revision phase.
<p>S1: shapefile of longitudinal subglacial bedform dataset.<br /> S2: spreadsheet with Fig. 6 signed error distributions.</p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 5 in Sexual dimorphism in a freshwater atyid shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) with direct development: a geometric morphometrics approach
FIGURE 5. Relative deformations grids show the variation in the mean shape of the second abdominal segment for (a) females and (b) males.
FIGURE 4 in Sexual dimorphism in a freshwater atyid shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) with direct development: a geometric morphometrics approach
FIGURE 4. Scatter plot of first versus second principal component axes for the total variation of the second abdominal pleura shape for females and males in Neocaridina davidi.
FIGURE 1 in Sexual dimorphism in a freshwater atyid shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea) with direct development: a geometric morphometrics approach
FIGURE 1. Location of landmarks and semilandmarks on each anatomic structure in Neocaridina davidi. (a) carapace; (b) second abdominal pleura; left side, lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Descriptions of the tadpoles of two species of Gephyromantis, with a discussion of the phylogenetic origin of direct development in mantellid frogs
FIGURE 2. Drawings of preserved tadpole specimen of Gephyromantis pseudoasper from Manongarivo Special Reserve (developmental stage 34). (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c) oral disc.
FIGURE 1 in Descriptions of the tadpoles of two species of Gephyromantis, with a discussion of the phylogenetic origin of direct development in mantellid frogs
FIGURE 1. Drawings of preserved tadpole specimen of Gephyromantis ambohitra from the Montagne d'Ambre National Park (developmental stage 37). (a) dorsal view; (b) lateral view; (c) oral disc.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development
FIGURE 1. Adult female holotype of Chiasmocleis magnova sp. nov. (MHNSM 19993) in life. Photograph by J. Moravec.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Chiasmocleis magnova sp. nov. (MHNSM 19993). (A) Palmar, and (B) plantar view of right hand and foot. Scale bar equals 2 mm. Original by J. Moravec.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development
FIGURE 2. Ventral view of adult female holotype of Chiasmocleis magnova sp. nov. (MHNSM 19993) in life. Photograph by J. Moravec.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Chiasmocleis magnova sp. nov. (MHNSM 19993). (A) Lateral, and (B) dorsal views of head. Scale bar equals 2 mm. Original by J. Moravec.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Chiasmocleis (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru, with possible direct development
FIGURE 5. Schematic map showing the known distribution (indicated by a black dot) of Chiasmocleis magnova sp. nov.
FIGURE 10 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny
FIGURE 10. Phylogeny of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected species and constructed using sequences from 9 genes. The tree is rooted with Rana temporaria (not shown). Support values (ML bootstrap/Bayesian posterior probability/MP bootstrap) are indicated at nodes. Bayesian and MP support values are not given in cases where those phylogenies conflicted with the ML phylogeny.
FIGURE 9 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny
FIGURE 9. (A) Bayesian and (B) maximum parsimony phylogenies of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected genera and constructed using sequences from 17 genes. The trees are rooted with Ranidae (not shown). Support values (Bayesian posterior probabilities or MP bootstrap values) are indicated at nodes.
FIGURE 8 in A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny
FIGURE 8. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of nobleobatrachian frogs represented by selected genera and constructed using sequences from 17 genes. The tree is rooted with Ranidae (not shown). Bootstrap support values are indicated at nodes. Higher classification is indicated to the right.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.