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Fig. 3 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 3. Toxodontidae gen. et sp. indet. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 3907, left calcaneum fragment, posterior (A) and anterior (B) views.

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Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4238, right M2, occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 4960, left m2, labial (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. MCNAM-PV 3843, left m3, lingual (C1), labial (C2), and occlusal (C3) views. D. MCNAM-PV 4085, right calcaneum, posterior (D1), medial (D2), and anterior (D3) views. E. Proadinotherium muensteri Ameghino, 1902 from Colhue Huapi lake, Chubut, Argentina; Colhuehuapian SALMA (early Miocene), MACN Pv-17576 (cast), left calcaneum, medial view. F. Rynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Salla, Bolivia; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), YPM VP-52313, left calcaneum, anterior (F1) and posterior (F2) views. G. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4215, right astragalus, anterior (G1), posterior (G2), distal (G3), and lateral (G4) views. H. Proadinotherium leptognathum Ameghino, 1894 from Santa Cruz, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12319, left astragalus, anterior view. I. "Morphippus imbricatus" Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Sarmiento Formation, Chubut, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12100, left astragalus, anterior view.

Fig. 6 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 6. Vertebrae of new specimen (MPM-PV 17410) of Palaehoplophorus meridionalis Ameghino, 1904 from Meseta de Guenguel, Patagonia, Río Mayo Formation, Serravallian–Tortonian, middle–late Miocene. A. Atlas in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), and latero-external (A3) views. B. Caudal vertebra in anterior view.

Fig. 5 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 5. Osteoderms of new specimen (MPM-PV 17410) of Palaehoplophorus meridionalis Ameghino, 1904 from Meseta de Guenguel, Patagonia, Río Mayo Formation, Serravallian–Tortonian, middle–late Miocene. Anterior region: fixed (A), semi-movable (B), movable (C). Middle region: fixed (D, E), lateral margin (F). Posterior region: fixed (G, H), posterior margin (I). Caudal rings: movable (J), fixed (K). Indeterminated region: semi-movable (L). Osteoderms in lateral view (C2, L2).

Fig. 2 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic profile of the fossil locality (photograph by LRGR, 2015). Abbreviations: c, coarse; f, fine; m, medium; vc, very coarse; vf, very fine.

Fig. 1 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 1. Map of South Argentina showing location of the studied area (A) and the fossil locality mentioned in the text (B), tablelands marked in light gray.

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Fig. 1 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 1. Google Earth view of Quebrada Fiera site (A). Location of the study area on the map of Argentina (C). Geographical location (asterisk) of the fossil locality (B).{fig. will be grayscale in printed version}

Fig. 7 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 7. Skeleton of new specimen (MPM-PV 17410) of Palaehoplophorus meridionalis Ameghino, 1904 from Meseta de Guenguel, Patagonia, Río Mayo Formation, Serravallian–Tortonian, middle-late Miocene. A. Ulna in anterior (A1), latero-external (A2), and distal (A3) views; B. Cuboid in latero-internal (B1), antero-ventral (B2), and dorso-lateral (B3) views. C. Ectocuneiform in proximal (C1), distal (C2), latero-internal (C3), and latero-external (C4) views. D. Ungual phalanx in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views.

Fig. 3 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 3. Osteoderms of old specimens (MACN A 11137, syntype) of glyptodont Palaehoplophorus meridionalis Ameghino, 1904 from Río Fénix and Lago Blanco, Patagonia, Serravallian–Tortonian, middle–late Miocene. Osteoderms from posterior region (A–N) and caudal ring (O). Abbreviations: apf, accessory periferal figure; cf, central figure; f, foramina; s, sulci; pf, periferal figure.

Fig. 4 in Old and new specimens of a poorly known glyptodont from the Miocene of Patagonia and their biochronological implications

Fig. 4. Caudal tubes of old specimens, syntype and assigned specimens of Palaehoplophorus meridionalis Ameghino, 1904 from Río Fénix, Lago Blanco, and "Rionegrense", Patagonia, Serravallian–Tortonian, middlelate Miocene. A. MACN A 11737, syntype, in lateral (A1), distal (A2), dorsal (A3), and ventral (A4) views. B. MACN A 11132, in distal (B1), lateral B2), dorsal (B3), and ventral (B4) views.

Fig. 7 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 7. Bone microstructure of juvenile femur (A) and tibia (B) of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. ZPAL MgD-II/407; outer cortex (A1), showing small patches of parallel-fibered bone (light blue) and multiple primary osteons; canals are arranged longitudinally and the more internal cortex bears forming erosion lacunae; inner cortex (A2). B. ZPAL MgD-II/408, section of the whole compacta showing coarse cancellous bone lined with endosteal lamellar bone in perimedullar region (B1); tibial cortex displaying polishing lines indicated by arrows (B2, B3). Yellow arrowheads show outer bone perimeter. A1, B, polarized light; A2, normal light. Abbreviations: ccnb, coarse cancellous bone; cl, cement lines; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons.

Fig. 9 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 9. Bone microstructure in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Ulna ZPAL MgD-II/8, matrix in the outer (A1) and mid-cortex (A2), perimedullar region with endosteally-formed lamellar bone (A3). B. Fibula ZPAL MgD-II/11b; note well formed LAGs (blue arrowheads) and annulus in the cortex (B1); deeper cortex shows signs of remodeling and multiple secondary osteons (B2). C. Femur ZPAL MgD-II/11a, compacta showing wider zones of fast growing woven-fibered bone intersected by thin annuli of parallel-fibered bone (red arrowheads) in the mid-cortex (C1, C3); condensation of the parallel-fibered bone zones in the outer cortex (C2). A, polarized light (quartz wedge); B, normal light; C, polarized light. White arrows point outward. Abbreviations: an, annulus; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered.

Fig. 4 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure of parietal frill in subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous ZPAL MgD-II/3a). A. Sagittal section through the distal frill margin (A2, magnification of the outer layer, magnified inset). B. Tangential section of the distal frill margin (B2, magnified fragment). C. Sagittal section of frill plate; note the discrete zonation, compactness of the tissue, and acute angle fiber arrangement. B1, C2, normal light; A, B2, C1, polarized light.

Fig. 2 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 2. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. The shaft of the juvenile femur (ZPAL MgD-II/407) formed by a woven-fibered bone tissue; A2, detail of A1. B. The shaft of the subadult tibia (ZPAL MgD-II/35c) showing scarce erosion lacunae in the perimedullar region; B1, detail of B2. A1, B2, polarized light; A2, polarized light (quartz wedge); B1, normal light. Abbreviations: medcav, medullar cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteons; so, secondary osteons (scarce).

Fig. 3 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 3. Long bones microstructure of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A) and Bayn Dzak (B–D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A, B. Osteocyte lacunae (arrows) in cortex of subadult tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c (A) and juvenile femur ZPAL MgD-II/407 (B). C. ZPAL MgDII/11b, adult fibula showing in situ arrangement and abundance of fossilized fibers (arrows) in the cortex (C1) and a structure of the trabeculae with wovenfibered bone in the core lined with lamellar bone (C2). D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, subadult femur with flocculated collagenous fibers (arrows) at the polished cross section. A–C, D1, normal light; D2, UV light. Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; rad, radial canals; so, secondary osteons; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 9. A in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 9. A phylogeny of diapsids with the main transitions of the fifth metatarsal mapped onto it (based on Benton 1985; Evans 1988; Gauthier et al. 1988a; Sereno 1991; Dilkes 1998; Ezcurra et al. 2014). 1, plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance.

Fig. 8 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 8. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in diapsids and their out-group. A. Captorhinus, basal Amniota, Early Permian, North America (after Heaton and Reisz 1982). B. Petrolacosaurus, basal Diapsida, Late Carboniferous, North America (after Reisz (1981). C. Saurosternon, basal Diapsida, Late Permian South Africa (after Carroll 1975). D. Protorosaurus, Archosauromorpha, Late Permian, Germany and England (after Gottmann-Quesada and Sander 2009). E. Boreopricea, Early Triassic, Northern Russia (after Benton and Allen 1997). F, G. Macrocnemus, Middle Triassic, Italy (after Rieppel 1989: fig. 8D, F, respectively). H. Prolacerta, Archosauromorpha, Early Triassic, South Africa (after Gow 1975). I. Pamelaria, Archosauromorpha, Middle Triassic, India (after Sen 2003). J. Mesosuchus, Rhynchosauridae, Early–Middle Triassic, South Africa (after Dilkes 1998). K. MttV morphotype X, Early Triassic. Poland. L. MttV of Sophineta, Early Triassic. Poland. M. MttV of Gephyrosaurus, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Jurassic, UK (after Evans 1981). A–M all in plantar view. dTIV, MttIV and MttV. dTIV, MttIV, and MttV shaded in grey. 1 , plesiomorphic state; 2, diapsid synapomorphy: foot integration; 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 4, long-necked hooked MttV; 4', lepidosaurian synapomorphy: dorso-ventral inflexion of the long-necked hooked MttV. Not to scale.

Fig. 7 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 7. Schematic relations between distal tarsals and metatarsals in Archosauriformes. A. Erythrosuchus, Erythrosuchidae, Early Triassic, Africa (after Gower 1996). B. Euparkeria, Euparkeriidae, Middle Triassic South Africa after Ewer 1965). C. Riojasuchus, Crurotarsi, Late Triassic South America after Sereno 1991). D. Rhamphorhynchus, Pterosauria, Late Jurassic, Europe, Africa (after Wellnhofer 1991). E. Pteranodon, Pterosauria, Late Cretaceous, North America (after Bennett 2001). F. Scleromochlus, Ornithodira, Late Triassic, England (after Benton 1999). G. Marasuchus, Dinosauriformes, Middle Triassic, South America (after Sereno and Arcucci 1994). Dorsal (A, B) and plantar (C, G) views. dTIV, MttIV and MttV shaded in grey. 3, saurian synapomorphy: neckless hooked MttV; 5, ornithodiran synapomorphy: MttV straight, reduced in size and importance. Not to scale.

Fig. 6 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 6. Cross-section of the rib of Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/3); note the external cortex made of primary bone and extensively remodeled core formed by coarse cancellous bone tissue; in normal (A) and polarized (B) light.

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Sauria indet. morphotype X from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1991, adult left MttV in plantar (A1) and lateral-slightly plantar (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1354, juvenile left MttV in medial (B1) and plantar (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1992, adult left MttV in dorsal view. SEM stereo-pairs.