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Data from: Soil variation among natural habitats alters glucosinolate content in a wild perennial mustard
<p>The archive Wagner_Mitchell-Olds_Zenodo_SoilPlast.zip contains a README file describing the contents.</p> <p>These data are described in the Journal of Experimental Botany: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac520">https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac520</a></p> <p>Funding: National Science Foundation, IOS-<span>2016351</span></p>
Early nest initiation and vegetation density enhance nest survival in Wild Turkeys
<p>The theory of adaptive habitat selection suggests resource selection by animals should reflect underlying quality, such that individual selection confers an adaptive advantage via increased fitness. Using resource selection functions and nest survival models, we demonstrated that visual obstruction at the nest site was adaptively significant but timing of nest initiation had the greatest effect on nest survival for eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Predation risk is a selective pressure, and if individuals can perceive predation risk, they may respond by altering selection of nest site characteristics based on prior experience. We evaluated patterns in nest site selection of 387 wild turkeys and consequences of selection on reproductive success across the southeastern United States from 2014-2019. We monitored 549 nest sites and found that nest initiation date had the strongest effect on daily nest survival rates, wherein adult females at our earliest nest initiation date were ~ 4 times more likely to successfully nest than females at our latest nest initiation dates. Selection of nest sites with greater visual obstruction also increased daily nest survival rates as females were 1.17 (1.100 – 1.234; 95% CI) and 1.37 (1.258 – 1.486; 95% CI) times more likely to select sites for every 10 cm increase in visual obstruction and maximum vegetation height, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate that nest initiation date is likely the critical parameter driving wild turkey nest success, whereas vegetative conditions play a lesser role influencing nest success. Females nesting earlier may be in better body condition and show increased nest attentiveness, which may mediate nest success more than vegetation conditions around nest sites. Our work indicates that increasing the reproductive success of wild turkeys may hinge on females being able to nest as early as possible within the reproductive season.</p>
Focal vs. faecal: Seasonal variation in the diet of wild vervet monkeys from observational and DNA metabarcoding data
<p>1. Assessing the diet of wild animals reveals valuable information about their ecology and trophic relationships that may help elucidate dynamic interactions in ecosystems and forecast responses to environmental changes.</p> <p>2. Advances in molecular biology provide valuable research tools in this field. However, comparative empirical research is still required to highlight strengths and potential biases of different approaches. Therefore, this study compares environmental DNA and observational methods for the same study population and sampling duration.</p> <p>3. We employed DNA metabarcoding assays targeting plant and arthropod diet items in 823 faecal samples collected over 12 months in a wild population of an omnivorous primate, the vervet monkey (<em>Chlorocebus pygerythrus</em>). DNA metabarcoding data were subsequently compared to direct observations.</p> <p>4. We observed the same seasonal patterns of plant consumption with both methods, however, DNA metabarcoding showed considerably greater taxonomic coverage and resolution compared to observations, mostly due to the construction of a local plant DNA database. We found a strong effect of season on variation in plant consumption largely shaped by the dry and wet seasons. The seasonal effect on arthropod consumption was weaker but feeding on arthropods was more frequent in spring and summer, showing overall that vervets adapt their diet according to available resources. The DNA metabarcoding assay outperformed also direct observations of arthropod consumption in both taxonomic coverage and resolution.</p> <p>5. Combining traditional techniques and DNA metabarcoding data can therefore not only provide enhanced assessments of complex diets or reveal trophic interactions to the benefit of wildlife conservationists and managers but also opens new perspectives for behavioural ecologists studying whether diet variation in social species is induced by environmental differences or might reflect selective foraging behaviours.</p>
Wild herbivores enhance resistance to invasion by exotic cacti in an African savanna
<p>1. Whether wild herbivores confer biotic resistance to invasion by exotic plants remains a key question in ecology. There is evidence that wild herbivores can impede invasion by exotic plants, but it is unclear whether and how this generalises across ecosystems with varying wild herbivore diversity and functional groups of plants, particularly over long-term (decadal) time frames.</p> <p>2. Using data from three long-term (13- to 26-year) exclosure experiments in central Kenya, we tested the effects of wild herbivores on the density of exotic invasive cacti, <em>Opuntia stricta</em> and <em>O. ficus-indica</em> (collectively, <em>Opuntia</em>), which are among the worst invasive species globally. We also examined relationships between wild herbivore richness and elephant occurrence probability with the probability of <em>O. stricta</em> presence at the landscape level (6,150 km<sup>2</sup>).</p> <p>3. <em>Opuntia</em> densities were 74% to 99% lower in almost all plots accessible to wild herbivores and increased more rapidly in plots excluding wild herbivores. These effects were largely driven by megaherbivores (≥1,000 kg), particularly elephants.</p> <p>4. At the landscape level, modelled <em>Opuntia</em> occurrence probability was negatively correlated with estimated species richness of wild herbivores and elephant occurrence probability. On average, O. stricta occurrence probability fell from ~0.56 to ~0.45 as wild herbivore richness increased from 6 to 10 species and fell from ~0.57 to ~0.40 as elephant occurrence probability increased from ~0.41 to ~0.84. These multi-scale results suggest that any facilitative effects of <em>Opuntia</em> by wild herbivores (e.g., seed/vegetative dispersal) are overridden by suppression (e.g., consumption, uprooting, trampling).</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis</em>. Our experimental and observational findings that wild herbivores confer resistance to invasion by exotic cacti add to evidence that conserving and restoring native herbivore assemblages (particularly megaherbivores) can increase community resistance to plant invasions.</p>
Schematic and adapted figures from IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species Assessment - Chapter 5. Future scenarios of sustainable use of wild species
<p>Schematic and adapted figures from Chapter 5 of the thematic assessment of the sustainable use of wild species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.</p>
Schematic and adapted figures from IPBES Sustainable Use of Wild Species Assessment - Chapter 2. Conceptualizing the sustainable use of wild species
<p>Schematic and adapted figures from Chapter 2 of the thematic assessment of the sustainable use of wild species of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.</p>
Fig. 2 in A new Copelatus with small eyes from the Eastern Cape Wild Coast, South Africa (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Fig. 2. Copelatus mkambati sp. nov. dorsal sculpture. A – holotype male; B – paratype female.
Figure 2 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 2. Relative frequencies of social activities presented by free-living (Grey) and captive individuals (Black): (A) Affiliative behaviours and (B) Agonistic behaviours. We observed 10 different types of social behaviour, which occurred under both captivity and free-living conditions.
Figure 4 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 4. Captivity reduces agonistic interactions and does not change affiliative interactions. (A) Median and quartiles of the frequency of affiliative (A) and agonistic (B) behaviours presented by captive and free-living groups of S. libidinosus, separated by sex.
Figure 3 in A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Figure 3. Relative frequency of social behaviours for each of the ten studied groups (BG = Baixa Grande; JB = Jurubeba; PF = Pedra Furada; OT = Oitenta; GT = Gato; FJZB = Fundação Jardim Zoológico de Brasília; PEDI = Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos; PZT2 = Parque Zoobotânico deTeresina (ilha 2); PZT3 = Parque Zoobotânico de Teresina (ilha 3); PZT1 = Parque Zoobotânico de Teresina (ilha 1). Under free-living conditions, agonistic behaviours were proportionally more frequent than were affiliative behaviours.
Model outputs for wild ungulates occurrence and hunting yield abundance at European scale
<p>These are the outputs of a model for the occurrence and hunting yield (HY) density of wild ungulates not only for widely distributed species in Europe, but also for those ones which have a constrained distribution and ii) to compare the output of occurrence with observed HY. Random Forest function was used for modelling occurrence of species. We used occurrence data available from the past 30 years, and HY data (period 2015-2020) from records collected by <em>ENETWILD</em>. Like previous models based on HY, the response variable was the maximum number of wild ruminants annually hunted in 2015-2020 hunting seasons divided by the area (km<sup>2</sup>) of the corresponding administrative unit (HY density). Models based on HY were statistically downscaled to make predictions to 10x10km squares. Occurrence data models indicated a good predictive performance for most species, showing that the model framework proposed have improved results in comparison to previous models. The transferability of models into new regions was limited by the exposure of species to environmental conditions. As for HY models, the calibration plots showed a good and linear predictive performance for widely distributed species, as well as constrained distributed species. Overall, our results were consistent with the expected abundance distribution of widely distributed species.</p>
Data and code for: Social phenotype-dependent selection of social environment in wild great and blue tits: An experimental study
<p>There is growing evidence that individuals actively assess the match between their phenotype and their environment when making habitat choice decisions (so-called matching habitat choice). However, to our knowledge, no studies have considered how the social environment may interact with social phenotype in determining habitat choice, despite habitat choice being an inherently social process and growing evidence for individual variation in sociability. We conducted an experiment using wild great and blue tits to understand how birds integrate their social phenotype and social environment when choosing where and how to feed. We used programmable feeders to (i) record social interactions and estimate social phenotype and (ii) experimentally manipulate the local density experienced by birds of differing social phenotype. By tracking feeder usage, we estimated how social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder choice and feeding behaviour. Both social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder usage, but a bird's decision to remain in a particular social environment did not depend on their social phenotype. In contrast, for feeding behaviour, responses to the social environment depended on social phenotype. Our results provide rare evidence of matching habitat choice and shed light on the dependence of habitat choice on between-individual differences in social phenotype.</p>
Wild Atlantic Way in 3D - Clifden Castle
Clifden Castle was built by John d'Arcy in a Gothic Revival style in the 18th century, about 1750. The house was only lived in for about 90 years before it was abandoned in the 1840's. Few photographs remain of this one time noble house but they can be seen in some of the local history books or in the town's library. Just ask for them. The house fell into ruin and was stripped bare of anything that could be sold by the locals in order to feed themselves. One of the interesting features of this property are the standing stones. D'Arcy had these stones erected to mimick other standing stones around Ireland. Today little remains of the house but its shell. You can walk through the house through an entrance through the back "garden", as the front entrance is inaccessible because of a steep drop into the structure. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations are not related to their genotypic and ecological diversity
<p>Despite its implications for population dynamics and evolution, the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation in wild populations remains unclear. Here, we estimated variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of the annual plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> in two common garden experiments that differed in environmental conditions. We used up to 306 maternal inbred lines from six Iberian populations characterized by low and high genotypic (based on whole-genome sequences) and ecological (vegetation type) diversity. Low and high genotypic and ecological diversity was found in edge and core Iberian environments, respectively. Given that selection is expected to be stronger in edge environments and that ecological diversity may enhance both phenotypic variation and plasticity, we expected genotypic diversity to be positively associated with phenotypic variation and plasticity. However, maternal lines, irrespective of the genotypic and ecological diversity of their population of origin, exhibited a substantial amount of phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits. Furthermore, all populations harbored maternal lines with canalization (robustness) or sensitivity in response to harsher environmental conditions in one of the two experiments. Overall, we conclude that the environmental attributes of each population probably determine their genotypic diversity, but all populations maintain substantial phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits, which represents an asset to endure in changing environments.</p>
Evolution repeats itself in replicate long-term studies in the wild
<p>The extent to which evolution is repeatable remains debated. Here we study changes over time in the frequency of cryptic color-pattern morphs in 10 replicate long-term field studies of a stick-insect, each spanning at least a decade (across 30 years of total data). We find predictable 'up-and-down' fluctuations in stripe frequency in all populations, representing repeatable evolutionary dynamics based on standing genetic variation. A field experiment demonstrates that these fluctuations involve negative frequency-dependent natural selection (NFDS). These fluctuations rely on demographic and selective variability that pushes populations away from equilibrium, such that they can reliably move back towards it via NFDS. Finally, we show that the origin of new cryptic forms is associated with multiple structural genomic variants such that which mutations arise affects evolution at larger temporal scales. Thus, evolution from existing variation is predictable and repeatable, but mutation adds complexity even for traits evolving deterministically under natural selection.</p>
Data from: Testing frameworks for early life effects: The developmental constraints and adaptive response hypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons
<p>In evolutionary ecology, two classes of explanations are frequently invoked to explain "early life effects" on adult outcomes. Developmental constraints (DC) explanations contend that costs of early adversity arise from limitations adversity places on optimal development. Adaptive response (AR) hypotheses propose that later life outcomes will be worse when early and adult environments are poorly "matched." Here, we use recently proposed mathematical definitions for these hypotheses and a quadratic-regression based approach to test the long-term consequences of variation in developmental environments on fertility in wild baboons. We evaluate whether low rainfall and/or dominance rank during development predict three female fertility measures in adulthood, and whether any observed relationships are consistent with DC and/or AR. Neither rainfall during development nor the difference between rainfall in development and adulthood predicted any fertility measures. Females who were low-ranking during development had an elevated risk of losing infants later in life, and greater change in rank between development and adulthood predicted greater risk of infant loss. However, both effects were statistically marginal and consistent with alternative explanations, including adult environmental quality effects. Consequently, our data do not provide compelling support for either of these common explanations for the evolution of early life effects.</p>
Data from: Mechanism of cryptovivipary in wild caper bush (Capparis sepiaria L.) Capparaceae
<p>Cryptovivipary is the process in which seeds germinate inside the fruit but the seedling or plumule comes out when the fruit detaches from the mother plant. This dataset highlights the details of the mechanism of cryptovivipary in wild caper bush. In addition, an updated classification of viviparous plants is provided to better describe and understand this trait.</p>
Data from: Reproductive ecology of the critically endangered pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri) in the wild
<p>Reproduction of the pancake tortoise in the wild has remained poorly known over the decades. This study fills the knowledge gap by investigating the reproductive ecology of the species in its natural habitats in Kenya. Data were collected using the time-constrained search-and-seize method, group-level scan sampling, radio tracking, and camera-trapping. Our observations revealed a total of 19 mating events that occurred between December and April, predominantly during the rainy seasons. Mating duration averaged 15.2±2.4 minutes. Male-male aggression was observed during the mating season, with the dominant male keeping off all other males and mating with the resident females. Nest preparation events occurred between April and June. Nine nesting events were recorded, but in only five of them was an egg deposited. The nests were dug in loose soil, appeared almost circular, and measured 8.4±0.9 cm wide and 7.0±0.1 cm deep (n=7). The average clutch size was one egg. The eggs were white, hard-shelled, oval, and elongated measuring 4.4±0.4 cm long, 2.7±0.04 cm wide and weighed 17±0.6 g (n=3). Incubation period lasted 177± 5.7 days (n=2), and hatching coincided with the onset of the short rainy season in November, aligned with the availability of abundant food for the tortoises. The hatchlings were minimally wider than long, having an average straight carapace length of 4.5±0.6 cm, an average width of 4.5±0.4 cm, and on average weighed 14.7±3.7g, (N=9). They remained near the nest site for 4-5 days before relocating to tiny rock crevices away from the adult tortoise crevices. Egg and hatchling predation was high, with four of the total of six eggs, observed after they were laid, being destroyed. Three juveniles, out of nine, were also eaten by predators. These findings contribute useful information for the formulation of effective conservation and management strategies for this critically endangered species.</p>
Рис. 2. ЧисΛенность кабанов в разΛичные гоΔы на 10 км маршрута in The ecology and distribution of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in the foothills of the Martakert Region of the Republic of Artsakh
Рис. 2. ЧисΛенность кабанов в разΛичные гоΔы на 10 км маршрута
Рис. 1. Карта района иссΛеΔований: 1 — Тонашен; 2 — Варнкатаг; 3 — Магавуз in The ecology and distribution of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in the foothills of the Martakert Region of the Republic of Artsakh
Рис. 1. Карта района иссΛеΔований: 1 — Тонашен; 2 — Варнкатаг; 3 — Магавуз
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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