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Fig. 2. A in Two new species of the genus Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901 (Hexapoda, Collembola, Onychiuridae) from Georgian caves with remarks on the subterranean biodiversity of the Caucasus Mountains

Fig. 2. A neighbour-joining tree (NJ) with species delimitation of Georgian cave populations of Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901 based on COI molecular marker, morphology and geographic location in karst areas. Numbers and coloured columns indicate groups (species) identified by particular methods ASAP (Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning) and bPTP (Bayesian Poisson tree processes). The question mark (?) indicates ambiguous result in Shvilobisa Cave due to low number of studied specimens. For abbreviations of caves in the NJ tree see Table 1.

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Fig. 4 in Two new species of the genus Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901 (Hexapoda, Collembola, Onychiuridae) from Georgian caves with remarks on the subterranean biodiversity of the Caucasus Mountains

Fig. 4. Deuteraphorura colchisi Parimuchová, Barjadze & Kováč sp. nov. a. Dorsal chaetotaxy (the same scale as in Fig. 4b). b. Ventral chaetotaxy of abdomen. c. PAO. d. MVO in adult specimen (other than in Fig. 4b).

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Fig. 2 in Distribution and bioclimatic suitability of Duvalius hartigi, subterranean beetle from the lava caves of Mount Etna (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Trechinae)

Fig. 2 – Distribution of Duvalius beetles in Sicily (above) and predicted current distribution for Duvalius hartigi on Mount Etna based on Maxent model. Species of Sicilian Duvalius are numbered in order of description year: 1 – D. siculus; 2 – D. silvestrii; 3 – D. marii; 4 – D. hartigi; 5 – D. petriolii; 6 – D. aliciae; 7 – D. adelphus; 8 – D. ribaudoi; 9 – D. patronitii. Blue circles represent literature data and yellow circles represents original data gathered in this work. The pink line represents the boundary of the Etna Park and the inset graph represents the relationships between environmental predictor variables (BIO16, BIO04) and the probability of occurrence of D. hartigi.

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Figure 29 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figure 29. Map of Brazil highlighting the caves where the species listed here occur: (SP) São Paulo, square 1 shows caves located in the Upper Ribeira karst area; (MG) Minas Gerais, square 2 corresponds to caves in the municipalities of Pains and Pedro Leopoldo, and square 3 to caves in Presidente Olegário municipality; (BA) Bahia, square 4 shows caves in the Serra do Ramalho region. Other state abbreviations: (CE) Ceará, (GO) Goiás, (MS) Mato Grosso do Sul, (PI) Piauí.

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Figures 23–28 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figures 23–28. Examples of caves where some of the species listed here inhabit: (23) Tapagem cave (Eldorado, São Paulo); (24) Gruna das Três Cobras cave (Carinhanha, Bahia; photo: Adriano Gambarini); (25) Aranhas cave (Apiaí, São Paulo); (26) Lapa Zé de Sidinei cave (Presidente Olegário, Minas Gerais); (27) Lapa da Fazenda São Bernardo cave (Presidente Olegário, Minas Gerais); (28) Teminina II cave (Apiaí, São Paulo cave; photo: Adriano Gambarini).

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Figures 1–22 in Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil: state of the art and conservation

Figures 1–22. (1) Habeas corpus, holotype MZSP 110000, shell height H = 10.3 mm; (2) Habeas data, holotype MZSP 106810, H = 5.7 mm; (3) Habeastrum parafusum, holotype MZSP 134301, H = 1.4 mm; (4) Habeastrum omphalium, holotype MZSP 135583, H = 1.7 mm; (5) Habeastrum strangei, paratype MZSP 137432, H = 1.6 mm; (6) Habeastrum strangei, SEM image of holotype MZSP 151626, H = 2.8 mm; (7) Spiripockia puncata, holotype MZSP 105000, H = 4.6 mm; (8) Spiripockia umbraticola, paratype MZSP 151100, H = 4.8 mm; (9) Spiripockia umbraticola, SEM image of holotype MZSP 151099, H = 5.2 mm; (10) Potamolithus karsticus, paratype MZSP 27946, H = 1.2 mm; (11) Potamolithus troglobius, paratype MZSP 27948, H = 2.3 mm; (12) Lavajatus moroi, holotype MZSP 131060, H = 35.4 mm; (13) Streptartemon molaris, holotype MZSP 112451, H = 8.7 mm; (14) Gonyostomus elinae, holotype MZSP 106226, H = 48.0 mm; (15) Gastrocopta sharae, holotype MZSP 122725, H = 1.9 mm; (16) Gastrocopta sharae, SEM image of holotype; (17) Anctus prolatus, holotype MZSP 112450, H = 25.2 mm; (18) Kora nigra, holotype MZSP 106232, H = 30.1 mm; (19) Bahiensis ribeirensis, holotype MZSP 120774, H = 21.3 mm; (20) Clinispira insolita, holotype MZSP 111847, H = 14.6 mm; (21) Cyclodontina capivara, holotype MZSP 112448, H = 19.2 mm; (22) Rhinus gilbertus, holotype MZSP 112449, H = 21.9 mm.

Fig. 1 A in DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves

Fig. 1 A schematic diagram showing the features, contents, and potential applications of the DarkCideS 1.0 database. The database is a centralised, collaborative, and open-access platform that contains information on cave-dwelling bat species and their distribution.

Fig. 2 in DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves

Fig. 2 Percentage of species data completeness according to biogeographical realm (a) and family-level (b) between IUCN estimates (red bars) and sampled caves from DarkCideS 1.0 (black bars) species richness, the proportion of endemism, and proportion of threatened species worldwide.

Fig. 5 in DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram showing the updating workflow of the database from new data entry. The DarkCideS database aims to be a long-term biodiversity data exchange platform by including new data from fieldwork and assessments. Authors can upload their dataset containing species records, geographical information, and landscape threats on the web page. The corresponding authors will receive new data entries for validation before being merged into the database.

Fig. 3 in DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves

Fig. 3 The geographical data turnover of the current database version: (a) geographical locations of all bat caves included in the database, (b) percent distribution of species occurrence in terms of the biogeographical realm and terrestrial biome, (c) country-level turnover.

Fig. 33 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 33. Map showing the known world´s Japygidae Haliday, 1864 species richness and the location of the 15 cave-adapted species (species-number correspondence as in Table 1).

Fig. 32 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 32. Location and habitat of Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. A. External area in the surroundings of the Council cave. B. Council cave entrance. C. General view of the interior of the Council Cave. D. Living specimen of Teljapyx aotearoa.

Fig. 28 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 28. Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., ♀1-paratype, ♀ (MZB). A. Lateral posterior portion of the first urosternite. B. Detail of cuticle of first urosternite. Abbreviation: St = stylus.

Fig. 27 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 27. Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, Ô (AI). A. Pro-prosternum (pr-prt) with spine (sp), prosternum (pr-st), and meso-intersternum (ms-ist). B. Mesosternum (ms-st). C. Meta-intersternum (mt-ist.) and metasternum (mt-st).

Fig. 24 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 24. Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, Ô (AI). A. Dorsal side of head and pronotum. B. Mesonotum. C. Metanotum. D. Habitus, dorsal side. E. Urotergites I‒II. F. Urotergites III‒V.

Fig. 25 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 25. Teljapyx aotearoa Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, Ô (AI). A. Anterior part of head, ventral side. B. Habitus, ventral side. C. First urosternite. D. Urosternites VII‒IX. E. Urosternite II. F. Genital papilla. Abbreviations: ap = appendages; o = opening.

Fig. 21 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 21. Opisthjapyx naledi Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ISAM). A. Abdominal segment X, dorsal view. B. Detail of porus on dorsal side of abdominal segment X. C. Abdominal segment X, ventral side. D. Abdominal segment X, lateral view.

Fig. 23 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 23. Location and habitat of Opisthjapyx naledi Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. A. Villa Louise cave entrance. B. Villa Louise cave interior general aspect. C. Interior of Villa Louise cave near the entrance, showing altered floor. D. Opisthjapyx naledi inside a small shelter visible behind a removed rock that was covering it r. E. Live holotype of Opisthjapyx naledi.

Fig. 20 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 20. Opisthjapyx naledi Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ISAM). A. Urosternite I. B. Latero-posterior portion of the first urosternite. C. Urosternite II. D. Urosternites VII and VIII.

Fig. 22 in Life in darkness: an overview of cave-adapted japygids (Hexapoda, Diplura)

Fig. 22. Opisthjapyx naledi Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ISAM). A. Cerci, dorsal view. B. Close up of distal part of cerci. C. Close up of medial part of cerci from dorsal view. D. Cerci, ventral view.