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3,484 results for “Plastics”
Data from: Climatic factors shape plastic trade-offs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)
Aim: Trade-offs allow individuals to optimize their fitness by tailoring the investment into different traits to variable environmental conditions, such as along geographic gradients. Trade-offs thus can help in adjusting to changing thermal and insolation profiles, especially in small ectotherms, whose body temperature typically follows environmental temperatures closely. Two traits usually involved in latitudinal adaptation are body size and melanism. Since both traits are costly, individuals need to optimize investment into each trait. Here we studied how environmental factors influence this trade-off in the short and long term. Location: Europe Methods: We raised flies from 15 latitudinal populations at three constant temperatures in a laboratory common garden to differentiate plastic and evolutionary responses to temperature. We further analysed how the different insolation components of the populations' habitats influenced the evolution of the trade-off. Results: Male Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae) feature a sigmoid relationship between melanism and body size, defining two strikingly different male morphs: obsidian (small and black) and amber (large and orange). This relationship was altered by the developmental temperature, documenting its plasticity. The relationship further evolved across populations in response to the environmental characteristics of their habitat, notably temperature, insolation and UV radiation, suggesting that plasticity also has an underlying genetic basis. Nevertheless, melanism, but not body size, merely slightly increased with latitude. Main Conclusions: As the plastic and evolutionary responses of the relationship to temperature differed, plasticity does not necessarily follow the direction of evolution of this trade-off, but rather adds to it. Our study evinces the role of several environmental factors in shaping the evolution of a plastic melanism – body size relationship defining a rare male polymorphism in temperate sepsid flies.
Data from: Anthropogenic host plant expansion leads a nettle-feeding butterfly out of the forest: consequences for larval survival and developmental plasticity in adult morphology
Recent anthropogenic eutrophication has meant that hostplants of nettle-feeding insects became quasi-omnipresent in fertile regions of Western Europe. However, hostplant resource quality – in terms of microclimate and nutritional value – may vary considerably between the 'original' forest habitat and 'recent' agricultural habitat. Here, we compared development in both environmental settings using a split-brood design, so as to explore to what extent larval survival and adult morphology in the nettle-feeding butterfly Aglais urticae are influenced by the anthropogenic environment. Nettles along field margins had higher C/N-ratios and provided warmer microclimates to larvae. Larvae developed 20% faster, and tended to improve their survival rates, on the agricultural land compared to woodland. Our split-brood approach indicated plastic responses within families, but also family effects in the phenotypic responses. Adult males and females had darker wing pigmentation in the drier and warmer agricultural environment, which contrasts with the thermal melanism hypothesis. Developmental plasticity in response to this micro-climatically different and more variable habitat was associated with a broader phenotypic parameter space for the species. Both habitat-expansion and developmental plasticity are likely contributors to the ecological and evolutionary success of these nettle-feeding insects in anthropogenic environments under high nitrogen load.
Data from: Predictable food supplies induce plastic shifts in avian scaled body mass
Urbanization constitutes one of the most profound forms of land-use change and strongly affects global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Expansion of urban areas typically leads to species loss but may also induce more subtle changes in species dynamics through selection or plasticity. Using a dual correlative (field) and experimental (aviary) approach, we here show that free-ranging urban house sparrows in southern France were smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts after allometric scaling, whereas 2 independent indices of nutritional (feather growth rates) and developmental (feather asymmetry) stress did not vary with urbanization. When subjecting these individuals to urban or rural diets in a highly predictable, controlled setting, rural but not urban sparrows decreased their body mass, independent of diet type, to the extent that initial scaled mass differences between urban and rural birds disappeared by the end of the captive period. By integrating field- and aviary measurements of body size and mass with indices of nutritional and developmental stress, we conclude that the lower scaled body masses of urban birds likely reflect a plastic response to predictable food supplies, possibly mediated through predation. Urban environments therefore do not necessarily constitute nutritionally stressful environments for species that typically cohabit with humans, such as house sparrows.
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity leads to higher plasticity in dry-edge populations of a semiarid Chilean shrub: insights into climate change responses
1.Interannual variability in climatic conditions should be taken into account in climate change studies in semiarid ecosystems. It may determine differentiation in phenotypic plasticity among populations, with populations experiencing higher environmental heterogeneity showing higher levels of plasticity. 2.The ability of populations to evolve key functional traits and plasticity may determine the survival of plant populations under the drier and more variable climate expected for semiarid ecosystems. 3.Working with populations of the semiarid Chilean shrub Senna candolleana along its entire distribution range, we assessed inter- and intra-population variation in functional traits as well as in their plasticity in response to water availability. We measured morphological and physiological traits related to drought resistance in both field conditions and in a greenhouse experiment, where drought response was evaluated under two water availability treatments. 4.All populations responded plastically, but higher precipitation heterogeneity in dry-edge populations seemed to have selected for more plastic genotypes compared to populations growing at mesic sites and with more homogeneous environmental conditions. 5.Synthesis: Our results suggest adaptive plasticity since higher levels of phenotypic plasticity were positively associated with plant performance. However, we did not find evidence for genetic variation for plasticity within populations. To the extent that phenotypic plasticity may play a key role in future persistence, populations at mesic sites may be more vulnerable to climate change due to their lower plasticity and their current limitations to evolve novel norms of reaction. Conversely, although Senna candolleana populations at the dry-edge are exposed to higher levels of stress, they may be less susceptible to climate change in view of their greater plasticity. We highlight the need to consider population differentiation in both mean traits and their plasticity to model realistic scenarios of species distribution under climate change.
Data from: No evidence for larger leaf trait plasticity in ecological generalists compared to specialists
Aim: Phenotypic plasticity is hypothesized to contribute to a species' capacity to occupy broader ranges of conditions and to optimally exploit resource-rich environments. Although this is supported by case studies of individual species, we do not know whether larger plasticity in functional traits is generally associated with ecological characteristics of species such as their niche breadth or niche position. Here, we test whether there is such a relationship for plasticity in leaf functional traits. Location: Central Europe. Methods: We surveyed 110–132 grassland plant species for plasticity in five leaf traits [leaf thickness, leaf greenness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and plant height] and for biomass changes in response to experimental fertilization, shading and waterlogging. Trait plasticity and changes in biomass were compared with species niche characteristics along three environmental axes (light, nutrient and soil moisture) derived from a vegetation-plot database. Results: Although response of several traits to experimental treatments correlated with niche position and breadth (change in leaf thickness, greenness and biomass in response to fertilization; change in LDMC due to shading; and change in plant height and biomass due to waterlogging), we did not find evidence that species with broader niches or species from resource-rich environments are more plastic. Ecological generalists even turned out to be less plastic in some traits, including leaf thickness after fertilization and waterlogging. Generalists also displayed smaller plastic response averaged across all five traits ('composite plasticity'), though the relationship was not statistically significant. This composite plasticity was positively related to absolute change in biomass in all experimental treatments. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that larger species-level plasticity in leaf traits is not necessarily associated with a capacity to occupy a broader range of environments or with growth in resource-rich habitats; rather, it may indicate species' sensitivity to environmental changes.
Crack nucleation using combined crystal plasticity modelling, HR-DIC and HR-EBSD in a superalloy containing non-metallic inclusions under fatigue
<p>The uploaded data are required to reproduce the experimental results in the paper. </p> <p>To replicate figure 4, both GID.mat and thermal_E11.mat should be loaded into matlab. </p> <p>To replicate figure 6, strain_11.mat should be uploaded. Then fDIC_GB.m should be executed. </p> <p>If the reader has further questions, please contact Tiantian Zhang at tiantian.zhang08@imperial.ac.uk or tzhang6@wpi.edu</p>
Dataset from the Am J Bot 2016 103(9) paper: "Disentangling plasticity of serotiny, a key adaptive trait in a Mediterranean conifer"
<p>Raw data from the American Journal of Botany paper: "Disentangling plasticity of serotiny, a key adaptive trait in a Mediterranean conifer" Am J Bot. 2016 Sep;103(9):1582-91. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1600199</p>
FIGURE 4. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, colony morphotypes with A in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 4. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, colony morphotypes with A, narrow branches, (SAM A28765) and B, broad branches (SAM A28766). RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 1. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 1. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, photographs of fragments of bleached colonies. A, colony with relatively narrow, bifurcating and anastomosing branches, NHMUK 72.8.6.5, Natal; B, fragment of specimen figured by Busk (1875, pl. 31, fig. 6), NHMUK 75.5.29.63, Natal; C, flabellate colony morphotype with delayed separation of bifurcating branches, NHMUK 2003.10.27.13, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. Scale bars: A, C: 5 mm; B: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. A, transverse series of autozooidal apertures separated by smaller kenozooidal apertures on left frontolateral branch surface with exterior wall of branch dorsal surface visible in lower left; B, detail of apertures showing spines; C, spine developed at triple junction between three interzooidal walls which have an ultrastructural fabric of transverse fibres (right). D, E, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. D, transition from free-walled (left) to fixed-walled organization (right); E, enlargement showing sheet-like exterior wall (arrowed) covering kenozooidal apertures. F, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay, rows of autozooidal apertures separated by exterior wall calcification in fixed-walled branch. G, H, NHMUK 2003.10.27.13, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. G, development of exterior wall calcification, at varying levels relative to vertical interzooidal walls, over kenozooids and most of the autozooids (apart from 5 apertures which remain open); H, lobes of exterior wall calcification extending between autozooidal series. I–L. NHMUK 34.10.20.4, Port Elizabeth. I, apertures closed by exterior wall calcification, one occluded autozooid having a small central dimple; note apertural spines standing up above level of exterior walls (top right); J, gonozooid with broken brood chamber roof; K, lobate brood chamber roof (left) with denser pseudopores than exterior walls covering kenozooids (lower right); L, detail of pseudopores from brood chamber roof, some partly closed by spines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H: 500 µm; B, E: 100 µm; C, L: 20 µm; F, I, K: 200 µm; J: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs of distal branches showing variations in skeletal organization. A, branch comprising entirely free-walled zooids, SAM A28766, RIY Banks, Port Elizabeth; B, branch with freewalled organization distally but becoming fixed-walled at level of arrow by development of calcified exterior over the kenozooidal apertures, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth; C, branch comprising entirely fixed-walled zooids, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. Scale bars: A, B: 1 mm; C: 500 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 5. Combined ssrDNA and lsrDNA molecular tree showing the phylogenetic position of Tennysonia stellata (narrow- and broad-branched morphs) within the cyclostome bryozoans. Traditional, morphologically based suborders are given on the right.
Figure 6 in A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family
Figure 6. Halolaelaps ishikawae Blaszak and Ehrnsberger Female caudal aspect with areas marked showing the posterodorsal (a) and ventral (b) cribra (derived from photo provided by C. Blaszak).
Figure 4 in A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family
Figure 4. (A) Halolaelaps hatfieldi sp. nov. Venter of protonymph. (B–D) H. (Saprogamasellus) sp. (Oregon). Female. (B) Opisthonotal shield. (C) Detail of posterodorsal cribrum. (D) Anal shield showing marginal postanal cribrum. (E) Saprosecans sp. (Oregon). Female Posteroventral aspect showing postanal and posteromarginal cribra.
Figure 3 in A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family
Figure 3. Halolaelaps hatfieldi sp. nov. (A) Male venter. (B, C) Deutonymph. (B) Dorsum. (C) Venter. (D) Dorsum of protonymph. (E, F) H. (Halolaelaps) sp. (Oregon) Female. (E) Anal shield, showing postanal cribrum. (F) Posterior aspect of opisthonotal shield, showing marginal posterodorsal cribrum.
Figure 1 in A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family
Figure 1. Halolaelaps hatfieldi sp. nov. Female. (A) Dorsum. (B) Venter.. (C) Femur, genu and tibia II. (D) Typical filiform dorsal seta. (E) Chelicera. (F) Gnathotectum.
Figure 2 in A new species of Halolaelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Rhodacaroidea) from beach wrack in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA, with comments on opisthonotal plasticity and cribral development in the family
Figure 2. Halolaelaps hatfieldi sp. nov. (A, B) Female. (A) Posterior aspect of opisthonotal shield, with detail of cribral spicules. (B) Venter of gnathosoma. (C–H) Male. (C) Dorsum. (D) Leg I, lateroventral aspect. (E) Femur and genu II, lateral aspect. (F) Ornamentation of seta Z4 (top) and Z5 (bottom) [Z4 (top) and Z5 (bottom)] (G) Hypostomatic seta h1. (H) Chelicera.
Frequency-dependent cortical plasticity: evidence from psychophysics, functional imaging and computational modelling.
<p>fMRI data relating to the paper entitled 'Frequency-dependent cortical plasticity: evidence from psychophysics, functional imaging and computational modelling'. </p>
Revealing nanoscale plasticity of metallic nanosponges with correlative and scale-bridging 3D microscopy and modelling
<p>Data for manuscript "Revealing nanoscale plasticity of metallic nanosponges with correlative and scale-bridging 3D microscopy and modelling":</p> <p>SI Movies 01-12. Movies from Supporting Information. Description in file name.</p>
Brittle and Crystal-Plastic Defect Dynamics of Calcite Single Crystals
<p>Dataset for paper containing zip files with images, video files, mechanical and acoustic data for each experiment.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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