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Fig. 4 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Lepidosauromorph saurian Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009 (A, B) and morphotype Y (C) from the Lower Triassic of Czatkowice, southern Poland and Macrocnemus bassani (Nopcsa, 1930) (D, E) from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland. A. ZPAL RV/1990, left MttV in dorsal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. ZPAL RV/1353, right MttV in plantar (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. ZPAL RV/1989, left MttV in plantar view. D. PIMZ T 2816, left MttV (reversed) in plantar view. E. PIMZ T 2472, right MttV in plantar view. A–C, SEM stereo-pairs. D, E not to scale, after Rieppel (1989: fig. 8B, E).

Fig. 3 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Archosauriform Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003 (A, B) and Archosauriformes gen. et sp. indet (C) all from the Lower Triassic Czatkowice locality, Poland. A. ZPAL RV/1347, adult, left MttV in plantar view. B. PAL RV/1346, young adult, right MttV in medial (B1), lateral (B2), and dorsal (B3) views. B1, B2, reversed. C. ZPAL RV/1993, right MttV in dorsal view. SEM photographs; A, B, stereo-pairs.

Fig. 2 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Comparison of fifth metatarsal architecture. Right bones in lateral view (A, B, C1, D, E2, F2) and in medial view (C2, E1, F1). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and BorsukBiałynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK; straight line approximates not-inflacted shape of the MttV. E. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland (left MttV reversed). F. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. inf, inflection angle. Not to scale. A, B after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 1 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Comparison of the fifth metatarsal architecture. Left bones in plantar view demonstrate hooking and articular facet orientation (A1–C1, D, E1, F1) and in proximal view (plantar surface down) (A2–C2, F2). A. Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758), Iguanidae, Recent. B. Sphenodon punctatus (Gray, 1842), Rhynchocephalia, Recent. C. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland. D. Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980, Rhynchocephalia, Early Jurassic, South Wales, UK (right MttV reversed). E. Osmolskina czatkowicensis Borsuk-Białynicka and Evans, 2003, Archosauriformes, Early Triassic, Poland. F. Morphotype X, Early Triassic, Poland. The dashed lines approximate the outlines of the fifth metatarsals as seen in proximal view (for additional explanation see Material and methods). ha, hooking angle. Not to scale. A, B1, C, after Robinson (1975); D, after Evans (1981).

Fig. 8 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 8. Bone microstructure of subadult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Toogreek (A, C, E) and Bayn Dzak (B, D), Mongolia, Late Cretaceous. A. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/35a, total view of the compacta displaying patches of parallel-fibered bone (light bands) intercalated by zones of woven-fibered bone with multiple primary osteons (dark bands); note erosion lacunae in the inner cortex. B. Humerus ZPAL MgD-II/15, external cortex showing primary osteons and plies of the parallel fibered bone matrix (B1), perimedullar region showing lamellar bone lining erosion lacunae in primary woven-fibered bone tissue (B2). C, D. Compacta of femora. C. ZPAL MgD-II/35b, section showing modulations in canal arrangement and bone matrix; C1, general picture of the whole bone wall; C2, magnification illustrating thick band (yellow arrows) of the parallel-fibered bone and longitudinal canals changing orientation to radial (white arrows); C3, section placed closer to the epiphysis, showing stronger zonation in bone matrix type; C4, deep cortex showing enlarged canals in a woven-fibered bone. D. ZPAL MgD-II/3d, cortex showing ill defined annulus and less clear modulations of the bone matrix. E. Tibia ZPAL MgD-II/35c, whole compacta (E1) and deep cortex (E2). The section displays a typical fibrolamellar bone complex with zonation in the bone matrix. The outer cortex displays zones of parallel-fibered bone matrix intercalated with the zones of more chaotically oriented collagen fibers, the perimedullar region shows larger erosion lacunae filled with endosteally formed lamellar bone (E2). A, C1, D, E, polarized light; B, C2–C4, polarized light quartz wedge). Abbreviations: an, annulus; el, erosion lacunae; lb, lamellar bone; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; wfb, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 5 in Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications

Fig. 5. Bone microstructure of the parietal frill in adult Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory, 1923, Bayn Dzak, Mongolia, Late Cretaceous (ZPAL MgD-II/33). A. Sagittal section. B, C. Transversal sections; note the condensations of the fossilized collagen fibers strengthening the porous tissue (B) and the formation of the small erosion lacunae at the external surface of the frill (C). A, B1, C, normal light; B2, B3, polarized light.

Fig. 6 in Diversity of diapsid fifth metatarsals from the Lower Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice, southern Poland -functional and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6. General outline of muscle equipment of the lower leg and life position of the foot in Sauria. A. Varanus sp., left crus and pes in right lateral view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 8, reversed). B. Sophineta cracoviensis Evans and Borsuk-Białynicka, 2009, Lepidosauromorpha, Early Triassic, Poland, right MttV in lateral view; approximated life position. C. General courses and insertions of the peronei muscles in lizards, right pes in dorsal view (from Robinson 1975: fig. 11F, reversed). D. Varanus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), Recent, ZPAL z.p. RI/31, stereo-pairs of right foot: tarsus and proximal metatarsus in lateral view. E–G. Schematic drawings of foot showing proposed differences in levering conditions. E, G. Sauria. E. Plantigrade style with inflected MttV, as shown in A and D in squamates. F. Early tetrapods. G. Digitigrade style with straight MttV.

Fig. 2 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Measurements used in the comparative analysis A. Skull of Microcavia australis, Recent. B. Third left upper molar (M3) C. First right lower premolar (p4; anterior to left). Abbreviations: Cranial measurements: APB, anteromedial-posterorlateral length of tympanic bullae; APL, length of premaxillary-maxillary suture to anterior border of foramen magnum; BO, width of the anterior half of the basioccipital; BP, anteroposterior length of the posterior part of the diastema; IF, length of incisive foramina; MXL, length from the premaxillary-maxillary suture to the posterior portion of the M3 projection; UDL, upper diastema length from alveolar posterior margin of incisor to alveolar anterior margin of P4; WBc, width of basicranial. Dental measurements: LAP, anteroposterior length of molariforms; LLA, anteroposterior length of anterior lobe of molariforms; LPL, anteroposterior length of posterior lobe of molariforms; PLE, posterolabial extension of anterior lobes; WAL, mediolateral length of anterior lobe of molariforms; WPL, mediolateral length of posterior lobe of molariforms.

Fig. 8 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 8. Juvenile caviid rodents; molariforms (DP4 and P4) in occlusal views. A. Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. (GHUNLPam 21286) from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Huayquerian Stage/Age, Calufú locality, La Pampa Province, Argentina. B. Microcavia australis Gervais and Ameghino, 1880 (MACN-Ma.34-12, reversed), Recent, from La Rioja Province. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Scale bars 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 1. A. Location map indicating the geographic distribution of Neocavia localities in Argentina. B. Encalilla and Andalhuala localities, Santa María Valley, Tucumán, and Catamarca provinces, respectively. C. Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province. D. Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province.

Fig. 7 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Caviid rodent Neocavia pampeana sp. nov. from Cerro Azul Formation, late Miocene–early Pliocene, Caleufú locality, La Pampa Province,Argentina. A. GHUNLPam 21351, fragment of palate. B. GHUNLPam 21854, fragment of palate. C. GHUNLPam 21286, fragment of palate. D. GHUNLPam 21288 reflected), fragment of mandible. E. GHUNLPam 19622 (reflected), fragment of mandible. F. GHUNLPam 19559, holotype (reflected), fragment of mandible. In ventral (A1, B2, C), lateral (A2, B1), labial (D1, E1, F1), lingual (D2, E2, F2), and occlusal (D3, E3, F3) views. Abbreviation: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.

Fig. 4 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 4. Mandibles of the caviid rodent Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina. A. Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the "Araucanense", late Miocene–early Pliocene, Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province. MACN-Pv 8400, mandible in lateral view (from Kraglievich 1948). B. Neocavia sp. from the lower levels of the Monte Hermoso Formation, Montehermosan Stage/Age, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MD-FM-17-01, mandible fragment in labial (B1), lingual (B2), and occlusal (B3; B4, explanatory drawing) views. C. "Neocavia despressidens" Parodi and Kraglievich, 1948 from upper? levels the Monte Hermoso Formation, early Pliocene, Farola Monte Hermoso locality, Buenos Aires Province. MLP 46-V-13-53, mandible in lateral view and molariform series in occlusal view (from Parodi and Kraglievich 1948). Abbreviations: ap, alveolar protuberances; chin, mandibular symphysis; ias, incisive alveolar sheath; nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle.

Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 in Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. Caviid rodent Neocavia lozanoi Kraglievich, 1932 from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of northwest Argentina, Andalhuala Formation, "Araucanense": Andalhuala locality, Santa María Valley, Catamarca Province, Argentina (A, C) and Encalilla locality, Santa María Valley, Tucumán Province (B). A. MACN-Pv 8400, skull with left P4–M3 and right P4–M2 (A1–A4), right mandibular fragment with incisor p4–m2, and m3 broken (A5–A7). B. PVL 7057, maxillary fragment with left and right P4–M2. C. MACN-Pv 8415, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2. In dorsal (A1), ventral (A2, B1), lateral (A3, A4, B2), labial (A5, C1), lingual (A6, C2), and occlusal (A7, C3) views. Abbreviations: nMpi, notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution

Fig. 9. Possible tree topologies recovered within the herrerasaur lineage from the MPTs produced in the analyses that used the dataset of Baron et al. 2017a). A. Tree with Caseosaurus crosbyensis inside Herrerasauria forming the sister taxon to Herrerasauridae. B. Tree with all herrerasaurian taxa included within Herrerasauridae, with Staurikosaurus pricei and Saltopus elginensis forming a clade. C. Tree with all herrerasaurian taxa included within Herrerasauridae, with two distinct clades: 1, Herrerasauria defined as the most inclusive clade that includes Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis but not Liliensternus liliensterni and Plateosaurus engelhardti; 2, the most inclusive clade that includes Staurikosaurus pricei but not Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; 3, the most inclusive clade that includes Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis but not Staurikosaurus pricei.

Fig. 1 in A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution

Fig. 1. The holotype of the herrerasaurian dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan, and Lockley, 1998 (UMMP 8870) from Tecovas Formation, Crosby County, Texas, USA; Carnian, Late Triassic; right ilium in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.

Fig. 4. A. Strict consensus tree produced from 85 in A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution

Fig. 4. A. Strict consensus tree produced from 85 MPTs, each of length 1764 steps. B. Reduced strict consensus tree produced from 91 MPTs, each of length 1764, following the removal of the possible chimera Agnosphitys cromhallenesis. For Bremer support values calculated in this analysis for each of the major nodes, see Table 1. Studied specimens in bold.

Fig. 7 in A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution

Fig. 7. Comparison of the ilia of Caseosaurus crosbyensis Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan, and Lockley, 1998 (A, B) and Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 (C) showing locations of rugosities and lateral ridge/buttress. A. UMMP 8870, right ilium in lateral view. B. NMMNH P-35995, right ilium in lateral view. C. ZPAL AbIII404/1, left ilium in lateral view (reversed).

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Fig. 8 in Bashkirian rugose corals from the Carboniferous Mattson Formation in the Liard Basin, northwest Canada -stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

Fig. 8. Transverse (A1–A5, A8) and longitudinal (A6, A7) thin sections of aulophyllid rugose coral Heritschioides simplex sp. nov. (GSC 140526, holotype) from Liard Basin, Northwestern Territories, Canada, Mattson Formation, perhaps lower Bashkirian. Corallites in different growth stages (A1–A3), dissepimentarium and peripheral parts of septa (A4, A5), laterally offsetting corallite (A6), detail of parent/offset common tissue (A7), fragment of colony with twins (arrow) (A8). Black dots correspond to cardinal (lower) and counter (upper) septa.

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Fig. 7 in Bashkirian rugose corals from the Carboniferous Mattson Formation in the Liard Basin, northwest Canada -stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Lithostrotionid rugose coral Nemistium liardense sp. nov. from Liard Basin, Northwestern Territories, Canada, Mattson Formation, perhaps lower Bashkirian. A. GSC 140520, holotype, longitudinal section of offsetting corallite (A1), transverse section of colony fragment (A2). B. GSC 140526, transverse section showing broken corallites (white arrows) at periphery of colony of Heritschioides simplex sp. nov.; upper part (black arrows) indicates fragment of colony of Nemistium liardense sp. nov.