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FIGURE 3 in Molecular phylogenetics and diversity of the Himalayan shrew (Soriculus nigrescens Gray, 1842) (Eulipotyphla, Soricidae) in Southwest China
FIGURE 3: A: Plot showing JK values for different K values tested. The K with the highest JK value is most likely to represent the true number of clusters; B: The linear relationship between LnP(D) and the number of clusters. C: Bayesian clustering results at K = 3 from the structure analysis.
Combined sequence matrix for: Molecular phylogenetic tools reveal the phytogeographic history of the genus Capparis L. and suggest its reclassification
<p><em><span>Capparis</span></em><span> L. is the largest genus of the family Capparaceae, represented by 142 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Despite being one of the medicinally and economically important genera with its unique distribution pattern, the evolutionary history of <em>Capparis</em> remained unexplored. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationships, origin, dispersal, and character evolution of the genus were poorly understood. With the objectives to (i) test the congruence between the molecular and morphological datasets, (ii) validate Jacobs' hypothesis on the origin, dispersal, and speciation pattern of <em>Capparis</em> using new fossil data, and (iii) understand the possible evolutionary role of some key morphological characters, we sampled across the five speciation centres of <em>Capparis</em>. The results derived from three plastidial markers (<em>matK</em>, <em>trnL</em>-<em>F</em> and <em>rbcL</em>) revealed incongruence with the morphological datasets and suggested a new sectional classification in <em>Capparis</em>. Divergence dating analysis revealed that Capparaceae originated in Africa at 47.25 MYA and <em>Capparis</em> in Peninsular India at about 29.32 MYA. <em>Capparis</em> followed multiple forward and backward dispersal, supporting the "into and out of India" hypothesis. These dispersal events were consistent with the various land bridges present during the Eocene to Miocene in different parts of the old world. The only long-distance dispersal event was observed in the case of the new world Capparaceae, corroborating the earlier findings. Our results suggest West Asia to the North African region as another centre of speciation for <em>Capparis</em> and present a robust age estimate for the genus. The character state reconstruction of <em>Capparis</em> revealed a unique evolutionary adaptation due to exposure to various climatic conditions and the acquisition of suitable pollination strategies. We hypothesize that the gynophore length, calyx shape, and blotches on petals contribute substantially to the pollination success. </span></p>
FIGURE 32. Diversibipalium cephalolacteum. RMNH.VER.21031.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 32. Diversibipalium cephalolacteum. RMNH.VER.21031.a (field number RS327.2). A and B. Photographs of live specimen. Scale bars not available.
FIGURE 25. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 25. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a (RS327.1). Sagittal reconstruction (A) and photomicrograph of sagittal section (B) of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left. *, packs of circular musculature.
FIGURE 24. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 24. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a (field number RS327.1). Photomicrographs. A. Sagittal section showing a row of testes (te). B. Sagittal section of the bulged roof of the common atrium; anterior to the left. *, packs of circular musculature; Ģ, cyanophil secretions.
FIGURE 23. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 23. Umbotectum t-maculatum. RMNH.VER.21026.a (field number RS327.1). A and B. Schematic drawing of the head and the anterior part (A), and of the whole preserved specimen on its left side (B). C. Reconstruction of a live specimen on the basis of the preserved specimen drawings (A and B) and description notes. Some details of the characteristics depicted may not be perfectly accurate (i.e., number and shape of inconspicuous posterior white patches).
FIGURE 21. Umbotectum capitofalcatum. RMNH.VER.21025.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 21. Umbotectum capitofalcatum. RMNH.VER.21025.a (field number RS325). Habitus of live specimen. A. Animal with fully extended auricles. B. The same animal in more contracted condition. Scale bars not available.
FIGURE 20 in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 20. Novibipalium cf. venosum. ZMA.V.Pl.3029.a (field number KSL2337). A-D. Preserved specimen. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view of the anterior part of the body, including the head; dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view of a part of the body including the pharyngeal and copulatory apparatus regions. E. Photograph of the live specimen taken by Dr. Jun-Ichi Aoki in 1999.
FIGURE 28. Diversibipalium castaneum. RMNH.VER.21028.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 28. Diversibipalium castaneum. RMNH.VER.21028.a (field number RS85). Photograph of live specimen. Scale bar not available.
FIGURE 18. Novibipalium rhynchophorum. Photomicrographs. A. Holotype ZMA.V in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 18. Novibipalium rhynchophorum. Photomicrographs. A. Holotype ZMA.V.Pl.3053.a (field number KSL2381.1). Sagittal section of a row of testes; anterior to the right. B. Paratype ZMA.V.Pl.3053.b (field number KSL2381.2). Sagittal section of the male copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right. Cyanophil secretions both within the presumed penis papilla (pp) and discharged into the male atrium (ma) are indicated with yellow asterisks.; C and D. Holotype ZMA.V.Pl.3053.a (field number KSL2381.1). Horizontal section of the anterior part showing the left (C) and right (D) ovaries.
FIGURE 22. Umbotectum capitofalcatum. Holotype RMNH.VER.21025.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 22. Umbotectum capitofalcatum. Holotype RMNH.VER.21025.a (field number RS325). A. Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right. Longitudinal musculature surrounding the musculo-glandular organ on the left not represented but present. B and C. Photomicrographs of sagittal section of the bulged roof of the common atrium; anterior to the right. *, packs of circular musculature; Ģ, cyanophil secretions.
FIGURE 16 in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 16. Novibipalium rhynchophorum. Photomicrographs of horizontal section of the right half of the head of specimens ZMA.V.Pl.3053.a (field number KSL2381.1) (A) and ZMA.V.Pl.3053.b (field number KSL2381.2) (B).
FIGURE 14. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 14. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a (field number RS83). Photomicrographs. A. Sagittal section of the anterior part of the specimen; anterior to the left; B. Sagittal section showing an ovary (o) and the associated ovovitelline duct (od).
FIGURE 12. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 12. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a (field number RS83). Sagittal sections of the copulatory apparatus showing the track of the ovovitelline ducts (od; indicated by yellow arrowheads and encircled in white) when approaching the female genital duct (fgd). Panels arranged clockwise from upper left.
FIGURE 11. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 11. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a (field number RS83). Representation of four different structures of the copulatory apparatus (fgd, female genital duct; od, ovovitelline duct; sd, sperm duct; sv, seminal vesicle), based on a 3D reconstruction obtained from sagittal sections using the program Free-D (Andrey & Maurin 2005). A. High angle view of the female genital duct and oviducts; B. Dorsal view; C. Lateral view from the left side. Postero-dorsal entrance is indicated by yellow arrowheads. Capital letters at grey arrowheads indicate orientation: P, posterior; A, anterior; D, dorsal; V, ventral; L, left; R, right.
FIGURE 10. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 10. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a (field number RS83). Sagittal reconstruction (A) and photomicrograph of sagittal section (B) of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right.
FIGURE 15. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 15. Humbertium ithorense. RMNH.VER.20261.a (field number RS83). Photomicrographs. A. Sagittal section of the female genital duct, anterior to the right. Notice the number of erythrophil secretions indicated by white arrowheads; B. Section showing a part of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right. Notice the fold of the common atrium filled with erythrophil secretion, indicated by a white arrowhead.
FIGURE 9. Bipalium kewense. RMNH.VER.20259.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 9. Bipalium kewense. RMNH.VER.20259.a (field number KSL2400.2). Photomicrograph of sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left.
FIGURE 19. Novibipalium rhynchophorum. A and B. Holotype ZMA.V in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 19. Novibipalium rhynchophorum. A and B. Holotype ZMA.V.Pl.3053.a (field number KSL2381.1). Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (A) and photomicrograph of sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus (B); anterior to the left; C. Paratype ZMA.V.Pl.3053.b (field number KSL2381.2). Photomicrograph of sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the right.
FIGURE 8. Bipalium rugiantrum. RMNH.VER.20258.a in Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera
FIGURE 8. Bipalium rugiantrum. RMNH.VER.20258.a (field number KSL2402). Sagittal reconstruction (A) and photomicrograph of sagittal section (B) of the copulatory apparatus; anterior to the left.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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