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FIGURE 3 in A new four-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Precloacal pores (A), lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the tip of the tail of Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. Preclocal pores are indicated by red arrows. Pre and postcloacal scales are indicated by black arrows. Scale bar = 2mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new four-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. Star = type locality, Fazenda do Engenho, municipality of Caetité, Bahia State. Yellow circle = Fazenda Caraíbas, municipality of Mucugê, type locality of A. uroxena.

FIGURE 2 in A new four-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E) and ventral (C, F) views of the head of Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. (holotype, MUFAL 13635). Head shields abbreviations: IL = Infralabial, ML = Malar, MT = Mental, NS = Nasal, FR = Frontal, OC = Occular, PF = Prefrontal, PG = Postgenial (1ª and 2ª rows), PMT = Postmental, POC = Postoccular, PR = Parietal, RO = Rostral, SL = Supralabial, TP = Temporal. Scale bar = 2mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Map of the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil, showing the collection sites and type locality of Characidium tapuia (black circles and red star, respectively).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Characidium tapuia: A. holotype, UFPB 11604, 32.1 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, Loreto, Fazenda Fogoso, rio Balsas, rio Parnaíba basin; B. paratype, UFRN 2871, 30.0 mm SL, Brazil, Piauí, rio São Gonçalo do Gurgueia, rio Parnaíba basin, photographed alive.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Pseudotympanum of Characidium tapuia: UFRN 2871, 30.0 mm SL, paratype. Number corresponds to the pleural ribs of the 5th and 6 th vertebrae. Left side, anterior to left.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Sampling locality of Characidium tapuia, Brazil, Piauí, São Gonçalo do Gurgueia, rio Gurgueia, rio Parnaíba basin.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Paratypes of Characidium tapuia: A. UFPB 9423, 24.8 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, Loreto, Fazenda Fogoso, creek tributary of rio Balsas at the road between Loreto and Buritirana; B and C. MZUSP 98568, 22.0 and 19.2 mm SL respectively, Brazil, Piauí, Santa Filomena, Riacho Recreio, tributary of rio Parnaíba.

FIGURE 18 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 18. Some common echinoids from northeastern Brazil in their natural habitat. (A) Eucidaris tribuloides on coral reef; (B) Diadema ascensionis on barrier reef; (C) Echinometra lucunter on rhodolith bed; (D) Lytechinus variegatus near seagrass; (E) Tripneustes ventricosus on coral patch; (F-H) Mellita aff. quinquiesperforata, Leodia sexiesperforata and Encope emarginata, respectively, on muddy bottom of sandy beach near hypersaline mangroves.

FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 13. Morphological characters of Leodia sexiesperforata (UFPB/ECH.1013). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view, with small bivalve associated with lunule (arrow); (C) Aboral view of naked test; (D) Oral view of naked test; (E) Detail of peristome; (F) Bidentate pedicellariae; (G) Illustration of miliary spine from Mooi (1989); (H) Apical system.

FIGURE 16 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 16. Morphological characters of Agassizia excentrica (MZUSP, without voucher). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Aboral view of naked test; (E) Oral view of naked test; (F) Lateral view of naked test; (G) Apical system.

FIGURE 15 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 15. Morphological characters of Moira atropos (MZUSP00280). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Aboral view of naked test; (E) Oral view of naked test; (F) Lateral view of naked test; (G) Posterior view; (H–J) Illustrations of pedicellariae of M. atropos provided by Chesher (1963); (H) Valve of pedicellaria from floor of ambulacrum; (I–J) Valves of pedicellariae from aboral region. ab: aboral surface; or: oral surface.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 7. Morphological characters of Lytechinus variegatus (UFPB/ECH.32). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Spicules of the tube feet; (I) Aboral view of naked test; (J) Oral view of naked test; (K) Tube foot ossicle; (L) Detail of the apical system; (M) Peristome; (N) Ambulacral plates; (O) Interambulacral plates.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 14. Morphological characters of Encope emarginata (UFPB/ECH.1907). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Aboral view of naked test; (D) Oral view of naked test; (E) Bidentate pedicellariae; (F–H) Valve of bidentate pedicellariae; (I) Apical system.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map of South America showing the northeast region of Brazil and oceanic islands. (MA) Maranhão; (PI) Piauí; (CE) Ceará; (RN) Rio Grande do Norte; (PB) Paraíba; (PE) Pernambuco; (AL) Alagoas; (SE) Sergipe; (BA) Bahia; (AR) Atol das Rocas; (FN) Fernando de Noronha; and (AB) Abrolhos Archipelago.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 12. Morphological characters of Mellita aff. quinquiesperforata (UFPB/ECH.1015). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Aboral view of the naked test; (D) Oral view of naked test; (E) Bidentate pedicellariae; (F–G) Valve of bidentate pedicellariae; (H) Detail of spines from aboral surface; (I) Apical system; (J) Spines from ambitus.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 11. Morphological characters of Echinocyamus grandiporus (UFPB/ECH.1974). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Aboral view of naked test; (D) Oral view of naked test; (E) Apical disc (F–H) Illustrations of pedicellariae of E. grandiporus provided by Mortensen (1907); (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (I) Lateral view of naked test.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates.

FIGURE 19 in Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 19. Ecological aspects of some echinoids from northeastern Brazil. (A) Eucidaris tribuloides parasitized by eulimid gastropod (arrow); (B) Partial view of coastal reef eroded by Echinometra lucunter; (C) Lytechinus variegatus on coral reef exhibiting covering behaviour at night; (D) Dead specimen of Lytechinus variegatus recently preyed upon (arrow) by juvenile Cassis tuberosa; (E) Dissodactylus crab associated with oral surface of sand dollar Encope emarginata on sandy beach; (F) Diseased specimen of Mellita aff. quinquiesperforata; (G) Dead sand dollars (M. aff. quinquiesperforata) on sandy beach after disease outbreak.