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Fig. 28 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 28. Photographs and line drawings of the left basicranial region in posterolateral view through the fenestra postotica in M-2983 (A) and M-2995 (B). Note the increased ossification in M-2983 (a large, mature male) relative to M-2995 (an immature male). This increased ossification is especially apparent around the fenestra ovalis (fo) and the lateral margin of the foramen jugular posterius (fjp). The columella auris is absent in both specimens.

Fig. 29 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 29. Photographs and line drawings of the left basicranial region in M-2969 (A), the exoccipital and basioccipital in left lateral view in M-2960 (B), and the medial view of the prootic and opisthotic in M-2964 (C). The floor of the recessus scalae tympani is formed by a caudal shelf of the opisthotic and a rostral extension of the exoccipital. X in M-2960 marks a concavity in the basioccipital that accepts the distal end of the cochlear duct (cochlear recess). X in M-2964 marks the notch in the processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic through which the cochlear duct extends caudomedially.

Fig. 23 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 23. Photographs and line drawings of the dorsal surface of the pterygoid in M-2960 (A, left) and M-2990 (B, right). The foramen caroticum laterale, which transmits the palatine artery rostrally, was closed dorsally in M-2960 by the overlying prootic, whereas in M-2990 the dorsal margin of this foramen is formed by the pterygoid. The pterygoid falls just short of forming the entire medial margin of the foramen caroticum laterale in M-2990. This margin would have been closed medially by the parabasisphenoid. Arrows show path of internal carotid artery.

Fig. 4 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 4. Illustrations of three skeletal characters often used to estimate maturity in turtles and their graphical relationship with greatest length of the carapace for Sternotherus odoratus from the SMRS. These characters include closure of the costoperipheral fontanelles (A), closure of the ectepicondylar foramen in the humerus (B), and closure of the otic fontanelle (C). Shaded squares represent juvenile males, clear squares represent juvenile females. Shaded circles represent adult males, clear circles represent adult females. The transformation of these features during postnatal ontogeny has a variable relationship with the average carapace length at which specimens become sexually mature in southern populations of S. odoratus (dashed lines; Tinkle, 1961).

Fig. 36 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 36. Percentage increase in lengths of the bones of the fore- and hindlimb of Borocyon niobrarensis and B. robustum relative to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (CM 1589). Bars indicate the mean and range where more than one individual was available.

Fig. 26 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 26. Restoration of the Borocyon robustum forefoot illustrating the interosseous muscle supporting each paraxonic metacarpal-phalangeal joint, the short middle phalanges, elongate unguals, and presumed dense fibrous metacarpal and digital pads.

Fig. 35 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 35. Relative proportions (in %) of lengths of paraxonic (A) metatarsal 3 to metacarpal 3 and (B) metatarsal 4 to metacarpal 4 for species of Borocyon and Daphoenodon superbus compared with living canids, felids, ursids, and hyaenids. Species farthest to the right show the greatest disproportion between lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals, and therefore a hindfoot longer than the forefoot. Numbers within black bars indicate sample size.

Fig. 32 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 32. Comparison of calcanea of Amphicyon galushai (A) and Borocyon robustum (B, male; C, female). Digitigrade calcanea of B. robustum are more slender and distally narrower than Amphicyon calcanea. Cuboids of A. galushai (D, F) and B. robustum (E, G), anterior and medial views: a, calcaneal articular surface; b, ectocuneiform and c, navicular facets.

Fig. 29 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 29. Muscle scar pattern (cross-hatched area) of the posterior tibial (TP) and long digital flexor (FDL) muscles on the posterior surface of the right tibia in B. robustum and B. niobrarensis relative to the scar patterns in large living Carnivora. a, Ursus americanus; b, Panthera tigris; c, Borocyon robustum; d, Borocyon niobrarensis; e, Acinonyx jubatus; f, Canis lupus.

Fig. 25 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.

Fig. 22 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.

Fig. 39 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum

Fig. 19 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 19. Ratio (in %) of length of (A) radius/humerus and (B) tibia/femur for species of Borocyon relative to living canids, felids, and ursids and some additional amphicyonids. Species farthest to right show greatest elongation of the distal fore- or hindlimb segments. Numbers within or adjacent to black bars indicate sample size.

Fig. 18 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.

Fig. 16 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ''folded'' M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.

Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.

Fig. 12 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 12. Holotype cranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view. This is the only known cranium and is an old adult with worn teeth: P1–P4, M1–M3. Although reduced in size, an M3 persists in this species.

Fig. 13 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 13. Basicranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Right auditory region; B, left auditory region. Despite crushing, the auditory bulla and surrounding basicranium are anatomically similar to the bulla and basicranium of Daphoenodon superbus. The bulla of the Standing Rock amphicyonid is a thin-walled, flask-shaped, single chamber, as is the rudimentary auditory bulla of D. superbus.

Fig. 11 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 11. Associated holotype right forelimb of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis (ACM 3452), Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co., Nebraska.

Fig. 10 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 10. Holotype right mandible of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis with c, p1–p4, and m1–m3 from Aletomeryx Quarry, lower Runningwater Fm., Cherry Co., Nebraska (ACM 3452).