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9,097 results for “wild”
Exposure to humans and task difficulty levels affect wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) learning
<p>Cognition helps wildlife exploit novel resources and environments. Raccoons (<em>Procyon lotor</em>) have successfully adapted to human presence in part due to their cognitive abilities. However, close interactions between humans and wildlife can create conflicts. A better understanding of the raccoon's behavioral flexibility and learning ability could improve the mitigation of those conflicts. Learning can be evaluated over multiple exposures to a cognitive task. Our objective is to evaluate wild raccoons learning in contexts varying in terms of exposure to humans (recreational and preservation zoning within protected areas) and task difficulty. We used two food extraction tasks to measure how problem-solving performance varied between trials based on success probability and time to solve the puzzles.</p>
Morphological and phenological variation of flower colour morphs in a wild population of Opuntia streptacantha (Cactaceae)
<p>[ESP]</p> <p>Este repositorio contiene archivos .csv y .r, de los datos se utilizaron para el análisis estadístico del artículo de Manzanarez-Villasana y Mandujano en Plant Ecology and Evolution ( <a href="https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250</a>)</p> <p>[ENG]</p> <p>This repository contains .csv and .r files of the data used for the statistical analysis of the article by Manzanarez-Villasana and Mandujano in Plant Ecology and Evolution (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250</a>).</p>
Data from: Female mate choice in wild Kenyan blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis)
<p>Female mate choice may drive sexual selection, but discerning whether female behaviors reflect the free expression of choice or responses to constraints can be difficult. We investigated the efficacy of female choice in wild blue monkeys using 10 years of behavioral and paternity data (2002-2011) encompassing 178 male-female dyads and 63 infants. Although blue monkeys live modally in one-male polygynous groups, where male-biased intersexual power is expected, females can access multiple potential mates during seasonal male influxes and occasional intergroup encounters. Additionally, extra-group males sire offspring. We examined the unsolicited proceptive behavior that females directed to males (corrected for male availability) to determine (1) if blue monkey females express mate choice by preferentially soliciting sexual interactions with certain males, (2) which males females prefer, and (3) if observed female mate preferences are successful in influencing paternity and infant survival. The two datasets included here allowed us to answer these questions. The first dataset provides information on the degree of preference a female in her conceptive period exhibited for each male that was present, the status of each male (resident or non-resident), and whether the female's most preferred male sired her offspring. The second dataset provides information on whether a female's parity, rank, or familiarity with her resident male influenced the likelihood of siring her offspring with her most preferred male (or with the resident male) and whether an infant was more likely to survive if sired by the male its mother most preferred.</p>
Fig. 2 in The ecology and distribution of wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in the foothills of the Martakert Region of the Republic of Artsakh
Fig. 2. The number of wild boars in different years in 10 km route
Data set from: Inferential reasoning in wild bumblebees
<p>The ability to make a decision by excluding alternatives (i.e., inferential reasoning) is a type of logical reasoning that allows organisms to solve problems with incomplete information. Several species of vertebrates have been shown to find hidden food using inferential reasoning abilities. Yet little is known about invertebrates' logical reasoning capabilities. In three Experiments, I examined wild-caught bumblebees' abilities to locate a "rewarded" stimulus using direct information or incomplete information—the latter requiring bees to use inferential reasoning. To do so, I adapted 3 paradigms previously used with primates—the two-cup, three-cup, and double 2-cup tasks. Bumblebees saw either 2 paper strips (Experiment 1), 3 paper strips (Experiment 2), or 2 pairs of paper strips (Experiment 3) and experienced one of them being rewarded or unrewarded. At test, they could choose between 2 (Experiment 1), 3 (Experiment 2), or 4 paper strips (Experiment 3). Bumblebees succeeded in the three tasks and their performance was consistent with inferential reasoning. These findings highlight the importance of comparative studies with invertebrates to comprehensively track the evolution of reasoning abilities, in particular, and cognition, in general.</p>
Annotated and processed 3D confocal microscopy images of dorsal aorta in wild-type and Endoglin-deficient zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf and 72 hpf
<p>This repository contains the original 3D confocal microscopy images that were used for the analysis of vessel geometry and endothelial cell morphology in the dorsal aorta of wild-type and Endoglin-deficient zebrafish embryos at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) and 72 hpf in the article <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.19.580931">Novel mathematical approach to accurately quantify 3D endothelial cell morphology and vessel geometry based on fluorescently marked endothelial cell contours: Application to the dorsal aorta of wild-type and Endoglin-deficient zebrafish embryos</a>. In this article, we developed a novel mathematical approach that allows to consistently estimate 3D vessel geometry and endothelial cell surface morphology using only information from endothelial cell contours. For the article's analysis, endothelial cell contours were manually annotated on Pecam1-EGFP-labeled cell junctions. Furthermore, dorsal aorta cross-sections were outlined on Dextran Texas Red-perfused vessel lumens. Further details are provided in the article's Materials and methods section.</p> <p>This repository contains 14 images of 7 wild-type embryos, each imaged at 48hpf and 72hpf. Furthermore, 12 images of 6 Endoglin-deficient embryos, each imaged at 48hpf and 72hpf are included. These combined files (called "analysis data" in the article) are stored in "eng_wt_data.zip". Secondly, images of 2 wild-types at 72hpf with repeated cell contour annotation and outlined vessel lumens (called "validation data" in the article) are located in "wt_angiogram_data.zip". The provided files are stored in Imaris format and can be inspected using the free <a href="https://imaris.oxinst.com/imaris-viewer">Imaris Viewer software</a>.</p> <p>To allow inspection of the endothelial cell contours that we manually annotated for the article's analysis and compare them against the intermediate results of our novel mathematical approach, i.e., contour enrichments by neighboring cells, contour smoothing splines and their projections onto the estimated vessel surfaces, we imported these contours into the Imaris files. Note that the contours' coordinates in these files are slightly less precise than in our article's analysis and thus are intended for visual inspection. To exactly reproduce the results in our article, refer to the files in <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10549101">our other Zenodo repository</a>.</p>
Torpor use in the wild by one of the world's largest bats
<p>Torpor is widespread among bats, presumably because most species are small and torpor greatly reduces their high mass-specific resting energy expenditure, especially in the cold. Torpor has not been recorded in any bat species larger than 50 g, yet in theory could be beneficial even in the world's largest bats (flying foxes; <em>Pteropus</em> spp.) that are exposed to adverse environmental conditions associated with energy bottlenecks. We used temperature telemetry to measure body temperature in wild-living adult male grey-headed flying foxes (<em>P. poliocephalus</em>; mean body mass: 799 g) during winter in southern Australia. We found that all individuals used torpor while day-roosting, with body temperatures as low as 27 °C. Torpor was recorded during cold, wet, and windy weather, strongly suggesting it is an adaptation to reduce energy expenditure during periods of increased thermoregulatory costs and depleted body energy stores. Our study has implications for our understanding of the distribution, behavioural ecology, and life history of flying foxes. Furthermore, our discovery increases the body mass of bats known to use torpor by more than tenfold and extends the documented use of this energy-saving strategy under wild conditions to all bat superfamilies, with important implications for the evolutionary maintenance of torpor among bats and other mammals.</p>
Factors influencing survival of female eastern wild turkeys in northeastern South Dakota
<p>Population growth can be sensitive to changes in survival rates for many avian species. Understanding sources of mortality, and how to mitigate negative effects on survival, can give managers insight into factors contributing to population change. Harvest trends of eastern wild turkeys (<em>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</em>) in northeastern South Dakota suggest a decline in abundance. We investigated factors influencing survival of wild turkeys to identify potential factors contributing to the decline. We monitored 122 female wild turkeys using VHF radio transmitters from February 2017 to April 2019. Annual survival was 0.52 (95% CI = 0.33–0.64) for juvenile and 0.49 (95% CI = 0.23–0.63) for adult females, respectively. Daily survival probability was significantly lower during the spring (log‐odds ratio [LOR] = −0.9; 95% CI = −1.5–−0.2) and while a juvenile female was incubating (LOR = −0.67; 95% CI = −1.23–−0.09) but not while an adult female was incubating (LOR = −0.35; 95% CI = −0.92–0.24). Mammalian predation was the leading cause of mortality, and female wild turkeys were most vulnerable to predation during the spring while engaging in nesting and rearing of young broods. Wild turkeys were at risk for additional sources of mortality while incubating nests that were not contributors to mortality during other periods of the year, as deaths caused by haying equipment—the second greatest cause of mortality—only occurred while a female was incubating. Reducing female mortality due to haying, by delaying cutting, installing flushing bars on haying equipment, or increasing availability of suitable nesting cover types to reduce the probability of nesting in hayfields, could improve female survival. Annual survival during our study was about 16–29% lower than survival estimates from northeastern South Dakota during the 1990s, suggesting that reduced female survival could be contributing to the apparent decline in wild turkey abundance.</p>
Fig. 2 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 2. Data collecting method results in 22 co-ordinates of each eggs
Fig. 1 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 1. Differently shaped eggs characterised with the same egg shape index (ES = 0.7)
An early-life challenge: becoming an older sibling in wild mandrills
<p>In monotocous mammals, most individuals experience the birth of a younger sibling. This period may induce losses in maternal care and can be physiologically, energetically and emotionally challenging for the older sibling, yet has rarely been studied in wild primates. We used behavioural data collected from a natural population of mandrills to investigate changes in maternal care and mother-juvenile relationship throughout the transition to siblinghood (TTS), by comparing juveniles who recently experienced the birth of a younger sibling, to juveniles who did not. We found that the TTS was associated with an abrupt cessation of the weaning process for the juvenile, and to a decrease in maternal affiliation. Juveniles' reactions were sex-specific, as males associated less with their mother, while females tended to groom their mother more often after the birth of their sibling. Despite the substantial loss of maternal care juveniles did not show an increase in conflict or anxiety-related behaviours. This study contributes to explain why short interbirth intervals often pose a risk to juveniles' survival in monotocous primates. Our results contrast existing studies and further highlights the importance of examining the TTS in species and populations with various life histories and ecologies.</p>
Interacting effects of surface water and temperature on wild and domestic large herbivore aggregations and contact rates
<p>Earth's climate is rapidly changing, bringing forth questions of how domestic and wild animals will alter their behavior in response to increasing temperatures and dryland expansion. Dwindling water availability will likely impact animal behavior and water foraging, potentially increasing animal aggregations and interspecific contacts. These interspecific contacts are especially important for competition, predation, and disease transmission among wildlife and domestic animals.</p> <p>In this study, we analyzed interspecific wildlife and cattle contacts using two years of camera trap data at an experimental water manipulation site at a conservancy in central Kenya.</p> <p>We found that on average, the hourly probability of any interspecific contact was approximately 3.4 times higher at water sources versus drained water sources, and 18 times higher than surrounding matrix areas, and that this relationship was amplified by dry and hot conditions.</p> <p>Species-specific analyses revealed variation in the magnitude of responses across wildlife and domestic cattle, although all animals had approximately 2-3 times higher interspecific contact probability with other species at water in hot conditions versus other conditions. Notably, we observed the largest behavioral changes for relatively water-independent species, such as giraffe, which had 3.6 times higher interspecific contact probability at water sources in hot versus other conditions.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications:</em> These findings show how elevated temperatures that will become increasingly common with future climate changes can increase interspecific contacts around critical water resources. In mixed wildlife-livestock systems, maintaining wildlife-only water sources may be a practical management tool to mitigate human-wildlife conflict and disease transmission at this interface, especially during dry and hot conditions.</p>
Figure 4 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 4. Prevalence of co-infection Spiroplasma-Trypanosoma in wild G. tachinoides.
Long-term data reveal fitness costs of anthropogenic prey depletion for a subordinate competitor, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus
<p>Within carnivore guilds, dominant competitors (e.g., lions, <em>Panthera leo</em>) are limited primarily by the density of prey, while subordinate competitors (e.g., African wild dogs, <em>Lycaon pictus</em>) have been limited by the density of dominant competitors. Historically, the fitness and population density of subordinate competitors have not been tightly linked to prey density. However, populations of large herbivores have declined substantially across sub-Saharan Africa due to human impacts, and where prey depletion is severe, fitness costs for competitive subordinates may begin to outweigh the benefits of competitive release. Using long-term intensive monitoring of African wild dogs in Zambia's Luangwa Valley Ecosystem (LVE), we tested the effects of prey depletion on survival and reproduction. Our study area included four contiguous regions that varied in protection, prey density, and lion density. We fit Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber and closed-capture models to estimate effects on survival and population density, and generalized linear models to estimate effects on reproductive success. We found that the LVE is a stronghold for wild dogs, with an estimated median density of 4.0 individuals/100 km<sup>2</sup>. Despite this high density, survival and reproduction differed among regions, and both components of fitness were substantially reduced in the region with the lowest prey density. Anthropogenic prey depletion is becoming an important limiting factor for African wild dogs. If prey depletion (or any other form of habitat degradation) becomes severe enough that its fitness costs outweigh the benefits of competitive release, such changes can fundamentally alter the balance between limiting factors for competitively subordinate species.</p>
Study on the mating systems of wild rice Oryza rufipogon and O. nivara and their effects on population genetic variation
<p>As the wild ancestors of Asian cultivated rice,<em> Oryza rufipogon</em> Griff. and <em>O. nivara</em> Sharma et Shastry serve as valuable germplasms for rice breeding. Mating systems are important in shaping the level and pattern of population genetic variation, and are crucial for germplasm conservation. We genotyped 12 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers for a large number of maternal plants and seeds collected from <em>O</em>.<em> rufipogon</em> and <em>O. nivara</em> populations distributed in Southeast Aisa and South China. Based on the 12 SSR markers, we estimated the outcrossing rates and other parameters of the mixed-mating model for the two wild rice species. We also assessed the level of genetic diversity and population structure for parental populations of <em>O</em>.<em> rufipogon</em> and <em>O. nivara</em>. Our study could facilitate <em>in situ</em> and <em>ex situ</em> conservation, and the utilization of these valuable germplasm resources.</p>
Archival mitogenomes identify invasion by the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis CAPE lineage caused an African amphibian extinction in the wild
<p>Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases are influenced by local biotic and abiotic factors, with host declines occurring when conditions favour the pathogen. Deterioration in the population of the microendemic Tanzanian Kihansi spray toad (<em>Nectophrynoides asperginis</em>) occurred after the construction of a hydropower dam, implicating habitat modification in this species decline. Population recovery followed habitat augmentation, however a subsequent outbreak of chytridiomycosis caused by <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </em>(<em>Bd</em>) led to the spray toads extinction in the wild. We show using spatiotemporal surveillance and mitogenome assembly of <em>Bd </em>from archived toad mortalities that the outbreak was caused by invasion of the <em>Bd</em>CAPE lineage and not the panzootic lineage <em>Bd</em>GPL. Molecular dating reveals an emergence of <em>Bd</em>CAPE across Southern Africa overlapping with the timing of the spray toads extinction. That our post-outbreak surveillance of co-occurring amphibian species in the Udzungwa Mountains shows widespread infection by <em>Bd</em>CAPE yet no signs of ill-health or decline suggests these other species can tolerate <em>Bd</em> when environments are stable. We conclude that, despite transient success in mitigating the impact caused by dams' construction, invasion by <em>Bd</em>CAPE caused the ultimate die-off that led to the extinction of the Kihansi spray toad.</p>
Figure 2 in Comparative analysis of brain in relation to the body length and weight of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in captive (hatchery) and wild (river system) populations
Figure 2. brain of common carps in wild environment.
Figure 1 in Comparative analysis of brain in relation to the body length and weight of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in captive (hatchery) and wild (river system) populations
Figure 1. brain of common carps in captive environment.
Figure 2 in Comparative brain analysis of wild and hatchery reared Mahseer (Tor putitora) relative to their body weight and length
Figure 2. Relationship between body and brain weight of wild and hatchery reared fish.
Fig. S1 in Ad-hoc devised phototraps unravel Cerambyx miles diel activity in the wild (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Fig. S1 – Male (left) and female (right) specimens of Cerambyx miles.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.