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Figs. 2–7. Male sternum 7 in A phylogenetic investigation of the Neotropical genus Alphamenes van der Vecht, 1977 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)

Figs. 2–7. Male sternum 7 (arrows): 2. Alphamenes convexus (Fox, 1899); 3. A. semiplanus Giordani Soika, 1978; 4. A. insignis (Fox, 1899); 5. A. campanulatus (Fabricius, 1804); 6. A. incertus (de Saussure, 1875); 7. A. usitatus (Fox, 1899). Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 modified from Oliveira et al., 2017. Scale bars for Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5 = 1 mm; Figs. 6, 7 = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Larva, pupa and DNA barcodes of the Neotropical geometrid moth Glena mielkei (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae: Boarmiini)

Figure 3. Cephalic appendages of the last instar larva of G. mielkei. (A) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (B) External view of the labrum. (C) Internal view (epipharynx) of the labrum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Left mandible—mesial view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (E) Left maxilla in ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (F) Labium—ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 2 in Larva, pupa and DNA barcodes of the Neotropical geometrid moth Glena mielkei (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae: Boarmiini)

Figure 2. Chaetotaxy of the last instar larva of G. mielkei. (A) Head—frontal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Head—lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Thorax and anterior segments of the abdomen; circle on A2 indicates the tuberiform dorsolateral projections. (D) Posterior segments of the abdomen. (E) Prothoracic leg. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.

Fig. 1 in Trophic network of aquatic macroinvertebrates along an altitudinal gradient in a Neotropical mountain river

Fig. 1. Static models of trophic networks at three sites in the Gaira River representing basal resources (red), intermediate consumer (orange) and top predators (yellow) and the interactions among them. SL, San Lorenzo, upper sector; LV, La Victoria, middle sector; PM, Puerto Mosquito, lower sector; D, dry season; R, rainy season.

Fig. 2 in Trophic network of aquatic macroinvertebrates along an altitudinal gradient in a Neotropical mountain river

Fig. 2. Representation of the standard deviation of vulnerability (SD-V) of the main food sources (FPOM, fine particulate organic matter; CPOM, coarse particulate organic matter; PT, plant tissue) calculated from the ratios recorded in the guts of the macroinvertebrates sampled in the elevational gradient of Gaira River during the dry and rainy seasons. Arrow thickness indicates the vulnerability importance.

Figs. 5–6 in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 5–6. Habitus of Paroxystoglossa species: 5, P. mourella n.sp. 6, P. spiloptera, arrow: apical band of appressed setae. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figs. 24–25. Metasomal S4 and S5 in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 24–25. Metasomal S4 and S5, modifications indicated by arrows. 24, P. barbata. 25, P. brachycera. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figs. 42–45. Genital capsules. 42, P. levigata n in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 42–45. Genital capsules. 42, P. levigata n.sp., ventral view, 43, dorsal view. 43, P. mourella n.sp., ventral view. 44, dorsal view. Scale: 0.25 mm.

Figs. 32–35. Postero lateral view and vertex. 32, P in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 32–35. Postero lateral view and vertex. 32, P. jocasta, arrow: swollen femur. 33, arrow: preoccipital area ridged. 34, P. mourella n.sp, arrow: not swollen femur. 35, arrow: preoccipital area not ridged. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figs. 15–16. First metasomal tergum. 15, P in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 15–16. First metasomal tergum. 15, P. mimetica, arrow: T1 almost smooth. 16, P. spiloptera. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Fig. 17 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 17. Lineage-Through-Time (LTT) plot of Neotropical Gracillariidae. LTT was plotted using 1000 trees from the COI dataset analyses. The number of lineages (y axis) is plotted against time (x axis) in such way that each increase on the number of lineages represents a cladogenesis (a node) in one of the 1000 phylogenetic trees. 2. Dashed red and blue lines represent 95%-confidence intervals for time of starting diversification and LLT plot, respectively.

Fig. 16 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 16. Predictive future cumulative species description curve for the Gracillariidae in the Neotropical region, based on the Logistic model.

Fig. 14 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 14. Variation in number of articles regarding original descriptions on Neotropical gracillariids that were based on adults but that included also data either on gross morphology of immature stages or DNA sequences.

Fig. 13 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 13. Variation in number of type specimens available among museum collections for Neotropical gracillarids. Numbers above bars represent percentages in relation to total number of species (n = 175). See Tab S3 for description of museum acronyms.

Fig. 12 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 12. Relative representation of type specimens for gracillariid species in the Neotropical region. Numbers above bars represent percentages in relation to total number of extant species (n = 175).

Fig. 9 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Fig. 9. Diversity of extant gracillariid species (Arabic numbers) in the Neotropics, according to biogeographical regionalization proposed by Morrone (2014). Asterisks indicate areas not contemplated in his restricted definition of the Neotropical region (see text for further description).

Figs. 1–8 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region

Figs. 1–8. Leaf mines (left) and adults (right) from putative species of Neotropical gracillariids: (1, 2) Spinivalva gaucha Moreira & Vargas (Gracillariinae) on Passiflora actinia Hook (Passifloraceae); (3, 4) Porphyrosela minuta Clarke (Lithocolletinae) on Trifolium repens Linnaeus (Fabaceae); (5, 6) Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra (Oecophyllembiinae) on Tecoma fulva (Cav.) G. Don (Bignoniaceae); (7, 8) Phyllocnistis sp. (Phyllocnistinae) on Baccharis anomala DC. (Asteraceae). Scale bars = 10, 1, 10, 1, 5, 1, 5, 1 mm, respectively.

Figs. 20–23 in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 20–23. Metasoma, length of T3 bands indicated. 20, P. seabrai. 21, P. crossotos. 22, P. andromache. 23, P. spiloptera. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figs. 36–39 in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 36–39. Detail of metasoma and mesosoma. 36, P. mimetica T1, arrow: smooth T1. 37, propodeum, arrow: shinning metapostnotum. 38, P. seabrai T1. 39, propodeum. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figs. 9–12 in Phylogeny and new species of the Neotropical bee genus Paroxystoglossa Moure (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Figs. 9–12. Head and posterior mesosoma: 9, Paroxystoglossa jocasta, face. 10, mesosoma; 11, P. mourella n.sp., face; 12, mesosoma. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (Figs. 9 and 11); 1 mm (Figs. 10 and 12).