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Figure 3 in Identification of Chironomus (Chironomus) melanescens Keyl, 1962 in North America
Figure 3. Larval mouth parts of North American C. melanescens. a) pecten epipharyngis; b) premandible; c) mentum; d) ventromentum; e) antenna; f) mandible.
Figure 1 in Identification of Chironomus (Chironomus) melanescens Keyl, 1962 in North America
Figure 1. Reared male from Trout Lake, Vilas Co., Wisconsin. a) male hypopygium; b) pupal cephalic tubercles; c) spur of segment VIII.
20th Century Atmospheric River Archive for Western North America and Europe
<p><strong>General Description</strong></p> <p>This datasets provides 6-hourly instantaneous atmospheric river absence-presence time series for 13 sub-regions along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe, as well the corresponding Integrated Water Vapor (IVT) values and exceeded climatological quantiles. These data were retrieved from 3 distinct reanalyses:</p> <p>1. ERA-20C, 1900-2010, 1.125 degrees resolution, here termed "era20c"</p> <p>2. NOAA-CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis version 2, 1900-2012, 2 degrees resolution, here termed "c20", ARs were retrieved from instantaneous ensemble-mean data.</p> <p>3. ECMWF ERA-Interim, 1979-2014, 0.75 degrees resolution, here termed "interim"</p> <p>The file structure is as in this example:</p> <p>ar_Brands_v0_interim_scalifornia_JFMAOND_1979_2014.nc</p> <p>translates to:</p> <p>ar_<algorithm name>_<version>_<underlying dataset>_<target region as illustrated in fig_studyregions.pdf>_<considered months>_<start year>_<end_year>.nc</p> <p>The 13 study regions are indicated in <fig_studyregions.pdf> attached below and described in Brands et al. (2017). The lat-lon coordinates of each region are provided in the netCDF files.</p> <p>For western North America and Europe the October-through-April and October-through-March season is covered, respectively. The compressed netCDF4 files offered here come with detailed metadata information. For generating the present dataset, the initial version of the AR detection and tracking algorithm developed in my PhD thesis was used (here referred to as version 0, see Brands et al. 2017 for a full description). Although newer algorithm versions have become available in the framework of the Atmospheric River Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP, see Rutz et al. 2019), the initial version 0 was specifically developed for detecting landfalling ARs along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe. The correct functioning was supervised by eye for hundreds, if not thousands of cases.</p> <p>The 9 distinct AR detection and tracking methods contained in each netCDF file (coined "method 0,1...8" in there) use distinct climatological percentile thresholds to 1) detect ARs along the coastline (the detection percentile, termed "prct_detect") and then "crawl" upwards the flow guided by the strongest IVT above the tracking percentile ("prct_track") and by the respective U and V components until a minimum length of 2000 km is reached. The results obtained from the 9 methods thus differ in AR intensity.</p> <p>The netCDF files of the present dataset have been recompiled from the non-standard .mat files generated in my PhD thesis during the years 2013-2017. For the target regions in Europe, the content of the present dataset partly overlaps with the non-standard dataset previously published at http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14711.32160. The target regions in western North America have been newly included and are only available from the present dataset.</p> <p>Contact: Swen Brands, brandssf@ifca.unican.es</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Brands, S., Gutiérrez, J.M. & San-Martín, D. (2017). Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns. <em>Climate Dynamics</em> 48, 2771–2795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3095-6</p> <p>Compo, G.P., Whitaker, J.S., Sardeshmukh, P.D., Matsui, N., Allan, R.J., Yin, X., Gleason, B.E., Vose, R.S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R.I., Grant, A.N., Groisman, P.Y., Jones, P.D., Kruk, M.C., Kruger, A.C., Marshall, G.J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H.Y., Nordli, Ø., Ross, T.F., Trigo, R.M., Wang, X.L., Woodruff, S.D. and Worley, S.J. (2011), The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. <em>Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.</em>, 137: 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776</p> <p>Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E.V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A.P., Monge-Sanz, B.M., Morcrette, J.-.-J., Park, B.-.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-.-N. and Vitart, F. (2011), The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. <em>Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc.</em>, 137: 553-597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828</p> <p>Poli, P., and Coauthors, 2016: ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century. <em>J. Climate</em>, 29, 4083–4097, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1</p> <p>Rutz, J. J., Shields, C. A., Lora, J. M., Payne, A. E., Guan, B., Ullrich, P., et al. (2019). The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): Quantifying uncertainties in atmospheric river climatology. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</em>, 2019; 124: 13777– 13802. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030936</p>
FIG. 3 in Anatomy and morphology of Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus (Gottsche) R.J.Duff, J.C.Villarreal, Cargill & Renzaglia (Anthocerotophyta), a novel record for North America
FIG. 3. — Spores of Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus (Gottsche) R.J.Duff, J.C.Villarreal, Cargill & Renzaglia under scanning electron microscopy: A-B, distal face varia- tion of the spores: A, five depressions surrounding a central depression on distal face of spores; B, six depressions surrounding a central depression on distal face of spores; C, proximal face with button-like verrucae confined to the center of triangular areas; D, spore tetrads (tesp) and pseudoelaters (ps). Scale bars: 10 µm.
FIG. 2 in Anatomy and morphology of Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus (Gottsche) R.J.Duff, J.C.Villarreal, Cargill & Renzaglia (Anthocerotophyta), a novel record for North America
FIG. 2. — Phaeomegaceros fimbriatus (Gottsche) R.J.Duff, J.C.Villarreal, Cargill & Renzaglia: A, female plant; B, transverse section of gametophyte thallus with band-like thickenings (eng) in cell walls; C, transverse section of gametophyte thallus with ventral tuber (tv) surrounded by rhizoids (ri); D, dorsal surface of a male plant with an antheridium (an) in each antheridial chamber; E, transverse section of a male plant with numerous antheridial chambers (can) and an antheridium (an); F, close up on antheridium (an); G, transverse section of involucre (i) with numerous lamellae (l); H, longitudinal section of the sporophyte foot (e) with placenta (pl); I, longitudinal section of sporophyte capsule with assimilative tissue (ta), spores (es) and central columella (c); J, transverse section of sporophyte with epidermis (ep), assimilative tissue (ta) and central columella (c); K, close up of spores (es), pseudoelaters and central columella (c); L, spores (es) and pseudoelaters (ps). Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, I, K, 50 µm; C, F, H, J, 100 µm; D, E, G, 200 µm L, 30 µm.
Estimates of ecosystem metabolism for 59 rivers in North America, 2008-2021
<p>This dataset is companion with the github repository https://github.com/nmarzolf91/usgs_metabolism_project that accesses USGS water quality and hydrologic data to estimate ecosystem metabolism in 59 rivers across the US from 2007-2021. Contained in this data citation are information about sites, raw time-series data at sub-daily intervals, prepared time series for modeling metabolism, metabolism outputs in raw form, processed and QAQC'd metabolism estimates, and supplementary information for the associated manuscript(s).</p>
Model output from Snow Ensemble Uncertainty Project (SEUP) as used in Seasonal Snow Predictability Derived from Early-Season Snow in North America
<p>The files provided here are the output from the median peak snow water equivalent (peak_SWE.mat), 1 December snow water equivalent (Dec1_SWE.mat), and 1 January snow water equivalent (Jan1_SWE.mat) model simulations for the Noah-MP run with MERRA-2 forcing, as used in Lundquist et al. (2023) and described in Kim et al. (2021). We also include the model grid's latitude, longitude and elevation data (SEUPlatlon.mat), and example code for plotting the data (Plotmodeldata.m) as in the Lundquist et al. (2023) paper. </p> <p>Kim, R. S., Kumar, S., Vuyovich, C., Houser, P., Lundquist, J., Mudryk, L., et al. (2021). Snow Ensemble Uncertainty Project (SEUP): Quantification of snow water equivalent uncertainty across North America via ensemble land surface modeling. <em>The Cryosphere, 15</em>(2), 771-791.</p> <p>Lundquist, J. D., R. S. Kim, M. Durand, and L. R. Prugh, 2023, Seasonal Peak Snow Predictability Derived from Early-Season Snow in North America, Geophysical Research Letters, (submitted 2023)</p>
Fig. 57. Tolteca Huber, 2000 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 57. Tolteca Huber, 2000, karyotypes and sex chromosome behaviour in male germline; stained by Giemsa. A. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), diploid karyotype (2n♂ = 15, X1X2 Y), based on two fused sister prometaphases II. X chromosomes are probably metacentric, morphology of Y chromosome is unresolved. Note positive heteropycnosis of X chromosomes. B–G. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov. B. Haploid karyotype (n♂ = 8, X 1 X 2 Y), based on metaphase II. Note positive heteropycnosis of X chromosomes. C. Spermatogonial prometaphase. Note metacentric morphology of tiny Y chromosome. D. Premeiotic interphase. Sex chromosomes form an overcondensed body on the periphery of the nucleus. E. Late diffuse stage. Sex chromosomes are positively heteropycnotic; bivalents are considerably decondensed. F. Diplotene. Note five bivalents and sex chromosome body exhibiting a positive heteropycnosis. G. Metaphase I containing five bivalents and sex chromosome body. H. T. hesperia, metaphase II consisting of seven chromosomes. Note tiny Y chromosome. Abbreviations: SCB = sex chromosome body; X1 = X1 chromosome; X2 = X2 chromosome; Y = Y chromosome. Scale bars= 10 µm.
Fig. 54 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362). A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm.
Fig. 56 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 56. Representative sample of habitats of Tolteca Huber, 2000 in Mexico. A. Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982)). B. Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (type locality of T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; showing collection method). C–D. Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (type locality of P. oaxaca Huber sp. nov.; overview and spot with high abundance of specimens).
Fig. 59 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 59. Environmental niche comparisons between non-Caribbean ('true')Pholcophora Banks, 1896and Tolteca Huber, 2000. Red lines in similarity and equivalency graphs indicate the observed niche overlap (D-metric), while grey bars show the distribution of the D-metric for 100 simulated comparisons. Note that the similarity and equivalency of the environmental niche between non-Caribbean Pholcophora and Tolteca was higher than randomly expected. The distribution of Pholcophora includes areas with high temperature annual range (bio7 in C) and seasonality (bio4 in C) not occupied by Tolteca. The two taxa exhibit a relatively high niche overlap (D = 0.40; bluish area in D). Climatic variables in the PCA: bio1 = annual mean temperature; bio2 = mean diurnal range; bio3 = isothermality; bio4 = temperature seasonality; bio5 = max temperature of warmest month; bio6 = min temperature of coldest month; bio7 = temperature annual range; bio8 = mean temperature of wettest quarter; bio9 = mean temperature of driest quarter; bio10 = mean temperature of warmest quarter; bio11 = mean temperature of coldest quarter; bio12 = annual precipitation; bio13 = precipitation of wettest month; bio14 = precipitation of driest month; bio15 = precipitation seasonality; bio16 = precipitation of wettest quarter; bio17 = precipitation of driest quarter; bio18 = precipitation of warmest quarter; bio19 = precipitation of coldest quarter.
Fig. 53 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 53. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). A–B, D–E. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (A, D) and dorsal (B, E) views. C, F. Detail of median internal structures. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.1 mm; C, F = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 52 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 52. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961), epigyna. A, C. Ventral views. B, D. Lateral views. Arrows: knob-shaped structure. Scale bar = 0.2 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 51 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 51. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 48 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 48. Tolteca sinnombre Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (ZFMK Ar 23960), cleared female genitalia. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C–D. Detail of median internal structures. Arrows point at membranous sacs (cf. Fig. 55F). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 49 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 49. Tolteca huahua Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at knobshaped structure. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55D). Abbreviation: gp = genital plug. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 47 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 47. Tolteca sinnombre Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (ZFMK Ar 23940), epigyna. A, C. Ventral views. B, D. Lateral views. Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bar = 0.2 mm (all at same scale).
Fig. 46 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ. E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm.
Fig. 45 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 45. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at anterior epigynal knob. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55E). Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm.
Fig. 44 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Fig. 44. Tolteca spp., male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, and left male palpal tarsi and procursi, retrolateral views. A–C. T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov., paratype from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). D–F. T. sinnombre Huber sp. nov., holotype from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (LATLAX). G–I. T. huahua Huber sp. nov., paratype from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
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