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A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution, and biological production

Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids, and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development, and genetic regulation. We also create a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conduct a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance, and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range, and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint, and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.

Data from: A range-expanding butterfly is susceptible to cold and long winters but shows no signs of local adaptation to winter conditions

Numerous species shift or expand their ranges polewards in response to climate change. Even when expanding species follow their climatic niches, expanding range margin populations are likely to face unfamiliar environmental conditions and thus natural selection for local adaptation. The wall brown butterfly (Lasiommata megera) has expanded northwards in Sweden in the years 2000–2020, most likely as a result of climate change, and has previously been shown to have evolved local adaptations to northern daylength conditions. This evolution has occurred despite hypothesised genetic constraints to adaptation at range margins. We studied local adaptation to winter conditions in four of the previously-studied L. megera populations, using a common garden laboratory experiment with a warm and short, an intermediate, and a cold and long winter treatment. We compared the winter and post-winter survival of caterpillars from two southern core range and two northern range margin populations in Sweden. During the experiment, we measured metabolic rates of a subset of diapausing caterpillars to test whether populations differ in metabolic suppression during diapause. Further, we measured supercooling points, which reflect lower lethal temperature in L. megera, of the same subset of caterpillars. We also compared supercooling points between L. megera and three closely related species with more northern distributions. Few individuals survived the coldest treatment all the way to successful adult emergence, so L. megera seems susceptible to cold winters. Individuals of northern descent did not survive cold winters any better than individuals from southern populations. Similarly, there were no signs of local adaptation in metabolic rates or supercooling points. The comparison among species did not reveal any clear relationship between geographical distribution and supercooling point. Although northern winters probably exert strong selection on L. megera, we provide comprehensive evidence for the lack of local adaptation to winter conditions. This contrasts with the previous finding of quickly-evolved local adaptation in diapause timing, highlighting the need to consider how traits associated with different seasons differ in how they may evolve and facilitate climate change-induced range expansions.

Twenty years of Salix height in response to experimental manipulation of browsing and water table, northern range of Yellowstone National Park

This respository contains multiple datasets collected during a 20 year investigation of the responses of willow (Salix spp.) communities in Yellowstone National Park after the restoration of large carnivores. The study sought to understand whether the restoration of wolves to the food web cause a change in the state of willow communities that occured while wolves were absent. Each dataset has a corresonding file of metadata.

A pathogen's spatial range is not constrained by geographical features in the flax rust pathosystem

In this study, we performed several transect surveys over the course of the 2021 summer field season to assess potential ecogeographical range determinants for Lewis flax (Linum lewisii) and its pathogen, flax rust (Melamspora lini), in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Additionally, we used generalized additive models to examine the effects of host population density and metapopulation structure on disease presence and prevalence.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community

<ol> <li>Indirect interactions are widespread among prey species that share a common predator, but the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions are often unclear, and our ability to predict their outcome is limited. </li> <li>Changes in behavioural traits that impact predator space use could be a key proximal mechanism mediating indirect interactions, but there is little empirical evidence of the causes and consequences of such behavioural-numerical response in multi-species systems. </li> <li>Here, we investigate the complex ecological relationships between seven prey species sharing a common predator. We used a path analysis approach on a comprehensive 9-year dataset simultaneously tracking predator space use, prey densities, and prey mortality rate on key species of a simplified Arctic food-web. </li> <li>We show that high availability of a clumped and spatially predictable prey (goose eggs) leads to a two-fold reduction in predator (arctic fox) home range size, which increases local predator density and strongly decreases nest survival of an incidental prey (American golden plover). On the other hand, a scattered cyclic prey with potentially lower spatial predictability (lemming) had a weaker effect on fox space use and an overall positive impact on the survival of incidental prey.</li> <li>These contrasting effects underline the importance of studying behavioural responses of predators in multi-prey systems and to explicitly integrate behavioural-numerical responses in multi-species predator-prey models.</li> </ol>

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The evolution of local co-occurrence in birds in relation to latitude, degree of sympatry, and range symmetry

This study analyzes a large sample of occurrence records (7,834,063 checklists from the eBird project) of 887 passerine bird species distributed globally. Under the assumption that speciation and trait divergence rates are faster in temperate areas and that trait divergence does promote local secondary contact of newly evolved species, the expectaction is that local co-occurrence increases with latitude.Syntopy increased from the Southern to Northern Hemisphere and was positively related to sympatry and range symmetry.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

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"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice

"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

Dose Range Finding Study of Bimagrumab in Sarcopenia

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02333331. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 13. Publications: 1.

Ponatinib in Participants With Resistant Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CP-CML) to Characterize the Efficacy and Safety of a Range of Doses

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02467270. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 21. Publications: 2.

Dose-range Finding Efficacy and Safety Study for QBW251 in COPD Patients

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04072887. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 26. Publications: 1.

A Placebo-controlled Study of Efficacy & Safety of 2 Trough-ranges of Everolimus as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) & Refractory Partial-onset Seizures

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01713946. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 25. Publications: 3.

A Phase II Dose-ranging Study of Oral RV3-BB Rotavirus Vaccine

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03483116. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.

A Dose Range Finding Study With Open-Label Extension to Evaluate the Safety of Oral LMI070/Branaplam in Early Manifest Huntington's Disease

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05111249. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 5. Publications: 3.

A Safety and Dose Ranging Study of Idursulfase (Intrathecal) Administration Via an Intrathecal Drug Delivery Device in Pediatric Patients With Hunter Syndrome Who Have Central Nervous System Involveme

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00920647. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.

Dose Ranging Study of Amlitelimab in Adult Participants With Moderate-to-severe Asthma

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05421598. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 14. Publications: 0.

Safety, Immunogenicity, and Dose Ranging Study of Inactivated Zika Virus Vaccine in Healthy Participants

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03343626. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 2.

publicAug 2024View details →

Data for: Marine fish movement: home range sizes for commercially relevant species

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicJun 2023View details →

Range utilization slopes as a measure of central tendency and intergroup overlap in primates

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