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FIG. 1 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

FIG. 1. — Geographic context of the Oligocene-aged fossils from Glacier National Park: A, detailed map of the Kishenehn basin showing the North Fork and Middle Fork areas, faults in the area (continuous black lines), continental divide (red), national park boundaries (dashed blue line), and water courses (gray). Localities of GLAC 26988 (1), GLAC 26987 (2), and CM 87801 (3) are also showed (modified from Dawson & Constenius 2018). Detailed geographic information is available to qualified researchers from repositories; B, map of western Montana showing the location of five coeval Arikareean-aged deposits bearing leptomerycid and/ or equid fossils: the Kishenehn, Renova (Cabbage Patch beds), and Fort Logan formations as well as the Canyon Ferry Reservoir and the Peterson Creek Local Fauna (in Idaho). Select water bodies, cities, and the continental divide are also displayed. Grey areas represent basins with strata coeval with the Kishenehn Formation. Black box shows location of A; C, location of the state of Montana within the United States with black box showing location of B.

APPENDIX 1 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

APPENDIX 1. — Dental morphology in occlusal view of GLAC 26988, Pronodens transmontanus (Douglass, 1903), from the Kishenehn Formation.

FIG. 4 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

FIG. 4. — Shape analysis of GLAC 26988 and other leptomerycids from the Arikareean and Hemingfordian: A-C, comparison of the shape of the premolars; D-F, comparison of the shape of the molars. GNP denotes the specimen from the Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation); data from the left jaw. Note that the data for Pseudoparablastomeryx Frick, 1937 are in fact a species mean. Each point otherwise represents a specimen. Disparity is showed for Pronodens transmontanus (Douglass, 1903) from the Cabbage Patch beds when four or more specimens were measured. See Tables 1-3 for data. Abbreviations: ant, anterior lophid; Ppf, Pseudoparablastomeryx francescita (Frick, 1937); Pps, P. Pseudoparablastomeryx scotti (Frick, 1937); Ps, Pronodens silberlingi Koerner, 1940; Psp, Pronodens sp.; Pt, P. transmontanus (Douglass, 1903).

FIG. 7 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

FIG. 7. — Size analysis of CM 87801 and other specimens of Paciculus Cope, 1879: A, comparison of the size of m1; B, comparison of the size of m2. GNP denotes the specimen from Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation). Note that the data for P. cedrus Korth, 2014 are in fact a species mean. Sample size is indicated for each comparison. See Table 6 for data. Abbreviations: GNP, Glacier National Park specimen; Pce, P. cedrus; Pco, P. copiosus Korth, 2010; PCP, P. cf. P. montanus; Pd, P. dakotensis Korth, 2010; Pg, P. gloveri MacDonald, 1970; Pi, P. insolitus Cope, 1879; Pm, P. montanus Black, 1961; Pmc, P. mcgregori MacDonald, 1970; Pn, P. nebraskensis Alker, 1969; Pwa, P. walshi Lindsay, Whistler, Kalthoff & von Koenigswald, 2016; Pwo, P. woodi MacDonald, 1963.

FIG. 8 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

FIG. 8. — Shape analysis of CM 87801 and other specimens of Paciculus Cope, 1879: A, comparison of the shape of m1; B, comparison of the shape of m2. GNP denotes the specimen from the Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation). Note that the data for P. cedrus Korth, 2014 are in fact a species mean. Each point otherwise represents a specimen. Disparity is showed for species when three or more specimens were measured. See Table 6 for data. Abbreviations: GNP, Glacier National Park specimen; Pce, P. cedrus Korth, 2014; Pco, P. copiosus Korth, 2010; PCP, P. cf. P. montanus; Pd, P. dakotensis Korth, 2010; Pg, P. gloveri MacDonald, 1970; Pi, P. insolitus Cope, 1879; Pm, P. montanus Black, 1961; Pmc, P. mcgregori MacDonald, 1970; Pn, P. nebraskensis Alker, 1969; Pwa, P. walshi Lindsay, Whistler, Kalthoff & von Koenigswald, 2016; Pwo, P. woodi MacDonald, 1963.

FIG. 3 in Discovery of Oligocene-aged mammals in Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation), Montana

FIG. 3. — Size analysis of GLAC 26988 and other leptomerycids from the Arikareean and Hemingfordian: A, comparison of the depth of the dentary at different tooth positions; B, comparison of the size of the premolars; C, comparison of the size of the molars. GNP denotes the specimen from Glacier National Park (Kishenehn Formation); data from the left jaw. Note that the data for Pseudoparablastomeryx Frick, 1937 are in fact a species mean. Sample size is indicated for each comparison. See Tables 1-3 for data. Abbreviations: ant, anterior lophid; post, posterior lophid; Ppf, Pseudoparablastomeryx francescita (Frick, 1937); Pps, P. Pseudoparablastomeryx scotti (Frick, 1937); Ps, Pronodens silberlingi Koerner, 1940; Psp, Pronodens sp.; Pt, P. transmontanus (Douglass, 1903).

Fig. 7 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 7 Comparison of tyrannosaurine frontals in dorsal view, highlighting the characters that are indicative of subadult ontogenetic status. A, 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 Teratophoneus curriei; B, 3D model of the SDNHM 32701, a right frontal of Daspletosaurus torosus.

Fig. 8 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 8 Frontals of tyrannosaurine theropods, with corrected anatomical interpretations. a, the right frontal of UMNH VP 20200 in lateral view, Lythronax argestes holotype; b, the braincase of UMNH VP 16690 (mirrored) in lateral view, a specimen of Teratophoneus curriei; c, the right frontal of SDNHM 32701 (3D model) in ventral view, a specimen of Daspletosaurus torosus; d, the right frontal of UMNH VP 28348 (3D model) in ventral view, "Dynamoterror dynastes" holotype. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; es, ethmoid scar; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; os, orbital slot. Images used in A and B are courtesy of Mark Loewen, and model used in D is courtesy of Western Science Center. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 5 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in rostral view. Abbreviations: lac, lacrimal socket; np, nasal process; plp, prefrontolacrimal process; pnp, prefrontonasal process;prf, joint surface for prefrontal; sc, sagittal crest.

Fig. 1 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 1 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in dorsal view. Abbreviations: dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; np, nasal process; pb, postorbital buttress; plp, prefrontolacrimal process; pnp, prefrontonasal process; rdtf, rostral margin of the dorsotemporal fossa; sc, sagittal crest.

Fig. 2 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 2 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in lateral view. Abbreviations: cpos, caudal part of postorbital suture; gpos, groove between rostral and caudal parts of postorbital suture; lac, lacrimal socket; prf, joint surface for prefrontal; rpos, rostral part of postorbital suture; sc, sagittal crest.

Fig. 3 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 3 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in medial view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ifs, interfrontal suture; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; sc, sagittal crest; sf?, possible trace of sagittal foramen.

Fig. 4 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 4 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in ventral view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa;ccr, crista cranii; es, ethmoid scar; gpos, groove between rostral and caudal parts of postorbital suture; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, median septum; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; prf, joint surface for prefrontal.

Fig. 6 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah

Fig. 6 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ps, parietal suture; sc, sagittal crest.

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Fig. 2 3D in Probable Juvenile Frontal Of Daspletosaurus Horneri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Two Medicine Formation Of Montana, With Implications For Tyrannosaurid Ontogeny

Fig. 2 3D model of UCM 55499, left frontal of a juvenile cf. Daspletosaurus horneri, in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, rostral view; D, lateral view; E, medial view; F, caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ccr, crista cranii; cpos, caudal part of postorbital suture; cr, cylinder-like ridge; cs, caudal shelf; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; dtr, dorsotemporal ridge; es, ethmoid scar; fh, forehead region; ifs, interfrontal suture; lac, lacrimal socket; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, joint surface for the mesethmoid; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; or, orbital wall; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; pb, postorbital buttress; prf, joint surface for prefrontal; ps, parietal suture; rpos, rostral part of postorbital suture; sc, sagittal crest. The model is courtesy of The Fossil Vertebrate Collection at the University of Colorado Boulder Museum of Natural History.

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Fig. 1 UCM 55499 in Probable Juvenile Frontal Of Daspletosaurus Horneri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Two Medicine Formation Of Montana, With Implications For Tyrannosaurid Ontogeny

Fig. 1 UCM 55499, left frontal of a juvenile cf. Daspletosaurus horneri, in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, rostral view; D, lateral view; E, medial view; F, caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ccr, crista cranii; cpos, caudal part of postorbital suture; cr, cylinder-like ridge; cs, caudal shelf; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; dtr, dorsotemporal ridge; es, ethmoid scar; fh, forehead region; ifs, interfrontal suture; lac, lacrimal socket; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, joint surface for the mesethmoid; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; or, orbital wall; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; pb, postorbital buttress; prf, joint surface for prefrontal; ps, parietal suture; rpos, rostral part of postorbital suture; sc, sagittal crest. Images are courtesy of The Fossil Vertebrate Collection at the University of Colorado Boulder Museum of Natural History. vidual variation. Furthermore, the area between the postsurface of TMP 2013.018.0011 (14.2°; Voris et al., 2019: orbital buttress and the caudal shelf in UCM 55499 is fig. 2) and that of the postorbital suture and the ros- extremely thin and plate-like, similar to the condition trocaudal axis (19.7°) in the lateral surface of UCM reported in the holotype of tyrannosaurine Alioramus 55499 are comparable to each other. Additionally, the "altai" (Bever et al., 2013) but differs from the relatively laterosphenoid suture in UCM 55499 is facing caudoven- deep condition in juvenile Gorgosaurus (e.g., Voris et al., trally, unlike the subvertical, caudally-facing suture in 2019: fig. S15). Lastly, Gorgosaurus does not approach Gorgosaurus frontals (e.g., Yun, 2020; pers. obs). This the abundance of Daspletosaurus horneri in the Two appears to be consistent with the description of Voris Medicine Formation (e.g., Farlow & Pianka, 2002; Carr (2018), who noted the angle between frontal and later- et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2020). In summary, the combiosphenoid sutures in Daspletosaurus postorbitals is ob- nation of aforementioned Daspletosaurus-like or tyrantuse, in which the former slopes caudoventrally. Further- nosaurine-like features, differences from similarly-sized more, the mediolateral width of the caudal shelf in UCM Gorgosaurus frontals as well as its provenance favours 55499 is slightly wider than that of the postorbital but- identification of the specimen as Daspletosaurus horneri tress, which is reminiscent to the condition in tyranno- through a balance of probability. saurines (Voris, 2018; Voris et al., 2022). In contrast, the widest part of the albertosaurine frontals is located at the Comparative description: UCM 55499 is an isolated, rostral end of postorbital suture (Voris, 2018; Voris et al., mostly complete left frontal that lacks the nasal process, 2022). Thus, UCM 55499 can be identified as a tyranno- the rostral part of the area that articulated with the presaurine, of which Daspletosaurus horneri is the only frontal, and the dorsal part of the sagittal crest. As preknown example in the Two Medicine Formation. There- served, the maximum rostrocaudal length of the specimen fore, this specimen is probably referable to this taxon. is 82 mm. When measured after the methodology of Cur- Of note, UCM 55499 does resemble Gorgosaurus front- rie (2003a), the width and depth are 44 mm and 18 mm, als by possessing mediolaterally oriented orbital slot in respectively. The specimen is comparable in its dimendorsal view (Voris et al., 2022) but it is interpreted in this sions to small frontals of Daspletosaurus sp., Gorgowork that this apparent similarity is likely due to the saurus libratus, Tarbosaurus bataar, and Tyrannosaurus "transitional" growth stage that the specimen represents, rex, but much smaller than large frontals of any of these between small juveniles with rostrocaudally elongated (Currie, 2003a; Lehman & Wick, 2013). shallow slot (Carr, 1999; Tsuihiji et al., 2011) and the The subcutaneous surface of the "forehead" region is flat, folded, narrow and deep slot present in tyrannosaurine like in some individuals of Daspletosaurus spp., and in adults (Carr, 2020; Voris et al., 2022), or else as an indi- Lythronax argestes (Voris et al., 2020; Yun, 2020; Figs.

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Fig. 2 in Taxonomic And Biostratigraphic Remarks On Torinosuella Maync, 1959 And Balkhania Mamontova, 1966, Larger Benthic Foraminifera From The Lower Cretaceous Of Iran (Sangestan, Tirgan Formations)

Fig. 2. Torinosuella peneropliformis (Yabe & Hanzawa). a-b. Late Berriasian of Serbia (locality: see Bucur et al., 2020, e.g., fig. 6J). c, e. From Cherchi & Schroeder (2005, pl. 1, figs, 1, 4), Upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian of NE Spain. d. From Bucur et al. (2003, pl. 41, fig. 4), 'late Neocomian Carbonate Member', Sangestan Formation, Central Iran. f. From Granier et al. (2023, pl. 3, fig. T), Upper Barremian Tirgan Formation of NE Iran. g. From Gheiasvand & Bartolini (2023, fig. 4B), Hauterivian? lower Barremian? of northeastern Iran. h-m. From Maync (1959, pl. 1, figs. 6a-b, 7-10, Copyright by Swiss Geological Society), Torinosu Limestone of Japan.

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Fig. 1 in Taxonomic And Biostratigraphic Remarks On Torinosuella Maync, 1959 And Balkhania Mamontova, 1966, Larger Benthic Foraminifera From The Lower Cretaceous Of Iran (Sangestan, Tirgan Formations)

Fig. 1. Balkhania balkhanica Mamontova (a, c, e-f) and Pseudochoffatella minima Schlagintweit et al. (b, d). a. From Mamontova (1960, fig. 2/3 modified showing early stage), Lower Barremian of Turkmenistan. b. From Schlagintweit et al. (pl. 5, fig. 12, holotype), lower Aptian of Central Iran (Taft Formation). c. From Taherpour Khalil Abad et al. (2013, fig. 4a), lower Aptian of northeastern Iran (Tirgan Fm). d. Same as b, so far unillustrated. e-f. lower Aptian of Central Iran (locality: see Schlagintweit et al., 2013b).

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DATASET: Facet-Dependent Formation and Adhesion of Au Oxide and Nanoporous Au on Poly-Oriented Au Single Crystals

This project contains all the data shown in the manuscript or SI titled 'Facet-Dependent Formation and Adhesion of Au Oxide and Nanoporous Au on Poly-Oriented Au Single Crystals' (doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-nf7v3). For each figure, a folder was created in which the corresponding data can be found.